Red-crowned Crane
Grus japonensis
Iconic and unmistakable; the crane most commonly depicted in Chinese and Japanese paintings and ceramics. Adults have a white body, scarlet crown, and black secondaries, tail, and neck. Younger birds lack the red crown and have a light brown neck and brownish speckling on the wings. Breeds in marshy meadows and wetlands and spends the winter in fields, marshes, and other open areas.
识别特征
Adult red-crowned cranes are named for a patch of red bare skin on the crown, which becomes brighter during the mating season. Overall, they are snow white in color with black on the wing secondaries, which can appear almost like a black tail when the birds are standing, but the real tail feathers are actually white. Males are black on the cheeks, throat, and neck, while females are pearly gray in these spots. The bill is olive green to a greenish horn, the legs are slate to grayish black, and the iris is dark brown. <p>Juveniles are a combination of white, partly tawny, cinnamon brown, and rusty or grayish. The neck collar is grayish to coffee brown, the secondaries are dull black and brown, and the crown and forehead are covered with gray and tawny feathers. The primaries are white, tipped with black, as are the upper primary coverts. The legs and bill are similar to those of adults but lighter in color.This species is among the largest and heaviest cranes, typically measuring about 150 to 158 cm (4 ft 11 in to 5 ft 2 in) tall and 101.2–150 cm (3 ft 4 in – 4 ft 11 in) in length (from bill to tail tip). Across the large wingspan, the red-crowned crane measures 220–250 cm (7 ft 3 in – 8 ft 2 in). Typical body weight can range from 4.8 to 10.5 kg (11 to 23 lb), with males being slightly larger and heavier than females and weight ranging higher just prior to migration. On average, it is the heaviest crane species, although both the sarus and wattled crane can grow taller and exceed this species in linear measurements.<p>On average, adult males from Hokkaidō weighed around 8.2 kg (18 lb) and adult females there averaged around 7.3 kg (16 lb), while a Russian study found males averaged 10 kg (22 lb) and females averaged 8.6 kg (19 lb); in some cases, females could outweigh their mates despite the males' slightly larger average body weight. Another study found the average weight of the species to be 8.9 kg (20 lb). The maximum known weight of the red-crowned crane is 15 kg (33 lb). Among standard measurements, the wing chord measures 50.2–74 cm (19.8–29.1 in), the exposed culmen measures 13.5–17.7 cm (5.3–7.0 in), tail length is 21.5–30 cm (8.5–11.8 in), and the tarsus measures 23.7–31.9 cm (9.3–12.6 in).
分类信息
Genus: Grus; Family: Gruidae; Order: Gruiformes.
- 学名
- Grus japonensis
- 命名信息
- (Müller, PLS, 1776)
- 目
- Gruiformes
- 科
- Gruidae
- 属
- Grus
分布与栖息地
In the spring and summer, the migratory populations of the red-crowned crane breed in Siberia (far eastern Russia), Northeast China and occasionally in north-eastern Mongolia (i.e., Mongol Daguur Strictly Protected Area). The breeding range centers in Lake Khanka, on the border of China and Russia. Later, in the fall, they migrate in flocks to the Korean Peninsula and east-central China to spend the winter. Vagrants have also been recorded in Taiwan. In addition to the migratory populations, a resident population is found in eastern Hokkaidō, Japan. This species nests in wetlands, marshes and rivers. In the wintering range, their habitat consists mainly of paddy fields, grassy tidal flats, and mudflats. In the flats, the birds feed on aquatic invertebrates, and, in cold, snowy conditions, the birds switch to mainly living on rice gleanings from the paddy fields.
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
行为
Migration pattern: Complete migrants.
保护状况
Population trend: declining.
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Sumatran Frogmouth
Batrachostomus poliolophus
A Sumatran endemic, this medium-sized nightbird is limited to foothill and montane forests between 1200 and 2000 meters, only rarely straying to lower elevations. Nocturnal and difficult to see by day as it perches quietly in the middle levels of forest. A relatively short-tailed species, Sumatran has extensive clean white scaling on the underparts. Gives a variety of vocalizations, including an eerily falling whistled trill, as well as various squawks, shrieks, and shorter whistles. Altitudinal range mostly separates it from other small frogmouths, but in situations of potential overlap, note short tail, well-demarcated (not messy) and extensive white scaling on underparts, and different vocalizations.
White-banded Tyrannulet
Mecocerculus stictopterus
A small, pale, and active tyrannulet. No bright colors; look for a very thick white eyebrow, gleaming white wingbars, a medium-gray crown, and a brown back. Tends to perch horizontally, often with its relatively long tail held level or slightly up. Flits actively, usually in the canopy or subcanopy, often part of a mixed-species flock. Occurs in subtropical and temperate forest and edges in the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, from around 2,300 to 3,300 m. Similar to White-tailed Tyrannulet but larger and found at higher elevations; also note White-tailed’s narrower white eyebrow, off-white wingbars, and generally duller plumage than White-banded. Listen for its scratchy rising calls.
Beach Kingfisher
Todiramphus saurophagus
A large coastal kingfisher with a gleaming white head, a thin black line behind the eye, and a blue-green back. Juvenile duller, with buff on crown and underside. Found singly or in pairs in mangroves, on beaches, and along rocky shorelines, where it often perches on exposed rocks or in trees bordering coast. Clean white crown and narrow (not wide) black strip behind eye distinguish it from all forms of the smaller Collared Kingfisher. Vocal, giving harsh calls: a “choo-chew” descending on the second note and a rapid, agitated “kip-kip-kip-kip-kip.”
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