Black Jacobin
Florisuga fusca
Large and aggressive hummingbird. Mostly black with white flanks. Boldly patterned tail is white with a black center and a thin black terminal band. Both sexes are similar, but juveniles have cinnamon sides to the throat. Found in a variety of habitats including woodlands, forest edges, and plantations, foraging from the understory to the canopy. Also visits feeders and gardens.
识别特征
The black jacobin is 12 to 13 cm (4.7 to 5.1 in) long. Males weigh about 9 g (0.32 oz) and females 8 g (0.28 oz). Adults of both sexes are mostly black, with a bronzy-olive lower back and uppertail- and wing-coverts. The flanks are white, the inner rectrices black, and the outer rectrices white with black tips. Juveniles are dark except for a wide cinnamon band on the center and sides of the throat and a white belly and outer rectrices.
分类信息
The black jacobin was traditionally placed in the monotypic genus Melanotrochilus, but voice, anatomy, and reproductive behavior place it in Florisuga with the white-necked jacobin. The species is monotypic.
- 学名
- Florisuga fusca
- 命名信息
- (Vieillot, 1817)
- 目
- Caprimulgiformes
- 科
- Trochilidae
- 属
- Florisuga
分布与栖息地
The black jacobin is found in southeastern Brazil, approximately from Bahia south through Rio Grande do Sul and into eastern Uruguay, and separately in southeastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina, and adjoining Brazil. There are also scattered records from sites outside its primary range. It mostly inhabits woodlands, gardens, and coffee and cacao plantations with tall trees. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,400 m (4,600 ft).
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
行为
The black jacobin is migratory, but the pattern is not well understood. The trend is for southward movement for the austral winter, though there are also winter records to the northwest in the cerrado biome of south-central Brazil.<p>The black jacobin forages at all levels of its habitat. It feeds on nectar at the flowers of many native and introduced trees and shrubs and from bromeliads as well. The species is highly territorial and defends food sources against conspecifics and other species. However, "congregations" of 50 or more have been documented in July feeding on patches of Dombeya wallichii, an introduced shrub. In addition to nectar, the black jacobin takes small insects on the wing and from leaves and spider webs.<p>The black jacobin breeds between July and May, and two broods per year are common. Its nest is a cup made of fine plant fibers and cobweb, placed on the mid-rib of a large horizontal leaf, typically between 1 and 4 m (3.3 and 13 ft) up in a tree or shrub. The clutch size is two eggs. Females use a display flight to distract predators.<p>The black jacobin's song is "a series of high-pitched hissing notes above 10 kHz, 'szee..szee....szee..szee..szee....szee...'." Its calls include "a short 'tsik' or 'chik', and a short trill 'tr-r-r'."
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- unknown
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
White-throated Caracara
Daptrius albogularis
Uncommon in southern Andes; range does not overlap with Mountain Caracara. Favors open habitats above treeline, but also ranges lower to scavenge at dumps and in farmland with open trees. Often associates with Chimango and Crested Caracaras at the dump outside Ushuaia, Argentina. Sails, soars, and tumbles easily on updrafts. Adult is handsome and strikingly patterned black-and-white with creamy white underparts and a bold white tail tip. Juvenile is rather similar to smaller Chimango Caracara, but distinguished by black (not pale) bill.
Yellow Cardinal
Gubernatrix cristata
Striking yellow and black songbird. Note the black pointed crest. Males have a yellow eyebrow and moustachial stripe; females have a white moustacial stripe and grayish cheeks and breast. Occurs in open woodlands, avoiding grasslands and human-modified landscapes. Forages on the ground in pairs or in family groups. Has a melodic song, a series of variable whistles: “wir-wit-chu wir-wit-chu twiit wit-chu tiit wit-chu tiit.” Now very rare because of illegal capture for the cagebird trade.
Western Black-headed Oriole
Oriolus brachyrynchus
An Old World oriole with mostly yellow plumage, a black hood, and a red bill. Note the fairly plain olive-and-black wing with a small white patch along the front edge. Found in rainforest canopy at low and middle elevations. Similar to Black-winged Oriole and found in the same habitat, but distinguished by the olive-green rather than black center of the tail and by the white patch on the wing. Also similar to African Black-headed Oriole, but usually separated by habitat and range. Further distinguished by the wing pattern, which is plainer, without bold white feather edgings.
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