Cocoa Thrush
Turdus fumigatus
A medium-sized, bright-buff bird usually found foraging on the ground in a variety of habitats from croplands to forests. Best separated from similar Spectacled Thrush by its all black bill and lack of bold eyering. Song is a series of sweet up-slurred and down-slurred whistles. Calls are quite different than Spectacled Thrush and include a quick, slightly squeaky “ji-ji-ji-ji-ji” and a paired “chee-ip, chee-ip.”
识别特征
The cocoa thrush is 22–24 cm long. It is dark rufous brown above and paler rufous brown below. There are five poorly defined races, differing mainly in the brightness of the plumage. Sexes are similar, but young birds are duller, having the scalloped underparts common in immature thrushes. The song is a musical warble, and it also produces a variety of typical thrush chuck and chak calls.
分类信息
- 学名
- Turdus fumigatus
- 命名信息
- Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Turdidae
- 属
- Turdus
分布与栖息地
In South America, besides the Amazon Basin, the Guianas and the Guiana Shield, the cocoa thrush ranges into two areas. A medium-sized disjunct population lives on southeast coastal Brazil; the narrow coastal range is 300 km wide and extends from Alagoas state in the north to southern Rio de Janeiro state, about 2300 km. Another range for the species is in northeast Colombia and southwest Venezuela. It covers parts of the headwaters of the Caribbean-flowing Orinoco River drainage, and adjacent Amazonian headwaters to the Rio Negro flowing southeast into the Amazon's northwest quadrant. This Colombian-Venezuelan range extends to the coast, and is coastal along northern Venezuela, as it is an extension of the range from the Guianas, (western Guyana). The thrush's range covers the downstream eastern half of the Amazon Basin; in the northeast Basin, it is in Pará and Amapá state with the Guianas. In the southeast Basin, it is in the Tapajos River and Xingu River drainages; also two thirds of the adjacent river system, the lower Araguaia–Tocantins River drainage.<p>Its preferred habitat is dense forest. The nest is a lined bulky cup of twigs low in a tree or treefern. Two to three reddish-blotched greenish-blue eggs are laid and incubated by the female for about 13 days to hatching. The young then fledge in another 13–15 days.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The cocoa thrush mainly feeds on or near the ground on insects, especially ants and their larvae, earthworms, other invertebrates and some fruits and berries. It is a shy species, but on Trinidad it is much tamer, and will come to feeders.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Fieldfare
Turdus pilaris
Rather large, subtly attractive thrush with blue-gray head, dark chestnut-brown back, gray rump, and variable peachy-buff wash on spotted breast. Breeds in forested habitats, often favoring wooded areas adjacent to more open foraging grounds; in winter, found mainly in open woodland, farmland with hedges, orchards, and parkland. Often breeds colonially and sometimes retains social habits on wintering grounds, mixing with Redwings and other thrushes in fields or in fruiting trees. Song is relatively unlovely for a thrush, a series of scratchy and garbled phrases. Call is a dry and powerful “chakchak”, rather like an old camera.
Greater Yellownape
Chrysophlegma flavinucha
Brightly-colored medium-sized woodpecker with a moss-green back, a bright yellow nape, and a powerful pale bill. Gray underparts distinguish this species from the smaller Lesser Yellownape. Males have a white throat or moustache stripe, while females have a dark red one. Gives high-pitched yelps or “kee-eep!” notes. Found in various forested areas, but most common in hilly and montane areas; not a woodpecker of small parks and cities. Forages on trunks and along branches in pairs and flocks, both single- and mixed-species.
Loria's Satinbird
Cnemophilus loriae
A medium-sized bird of montane forest canopy. Plump, with a bulge on the head and a somewhat narrow bill. Male is all black with some greenish iridescence in front of the eye, at the back of the wing and a yellowish edge to the mouth. The female is mainly olive green with rufous wings and tail. Male is similar to Short-tailed Paradigalla but lacks the yellow wattle. Female is similar to female Crested Satinbird and MacGregor’s Bowerbird but it is smaller, overall color is olive green rather than brown and lacks Crested Satinbird’s pale eye. Male gives a far-carrying, nasal whistle from an exposed perch.
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