Pale Martin

Common and noisy leader of mixed-species flocks in rainforest understory; almost never seen away from flocks. Note hunched posture and tendency to partially flare tail when perched. Adult male’s plumage entirely gray; female rich buff and rufous. Perches conspicuously in lower-to-middle strata, darting out to catch insects flushed by other members of the flock. Dusky-throated Antshrike behaves similarly and is often in the same flocks. Male Cinereous lacks black throat, and female Cinereous is more richly colored than Dusky-throated Antshrike. Calls of the two species are very different.

A small old-world warbler that occurs only on Nihoa and Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Unlikely to be confused with any other species; the only other passerines on those islands are finches. Does not occur on the main Hawaiian Islands. Prefers dense, low vegetation. Usually secretive and hard to see well, but males sometimes sing from an exposed perch. Song and calls are harsh chirps and churring.

Slightly crested flycatcher. Males have uniform black plumage. Females are pale below with dusky streaks on the breast; above, they can be duller than males or have olive-gray backs. Found in open areas with scattered trees along rivers and on seasonally flooded river islands. The similar female of Amazonian Black-Tyrant has a rusty rump.