Puna Snipe
Gallinago andina
Small, cryptic brown sandpiper found locally in the high Andes. Favors bogs, wetlands, and lakeshores with rushes and other cover. Range does not overlap with other species of snipe, so identification is usually by default. Mainly found as singles or small loose groups, and rarely seen until flushed from close range. Note very long bill, cryptic striped upperparts, striped face, and yellowish legs. Flushes suddenly with raspy calls and flies quickly away, sometimes in rather bounding flight.
识别特征
The puna snipe is 22.5 to 25 cm (8.9 to 9.8 in) long and weighs 65 to 105 g (2.3 to 3.7 oz). The sexes are alike. Their upperparts have a complex pattern of muted whitish, buffy, rufous, black, and brown. White trailing edges to their wings show when in flight. Their breast and flanks are buff with black markings and the rest of their underparts white. Their white face has a bold brown stripe through the eye.
分类信息
The taxonomic history of the New World snipes of genus Gallinago is complicated. What is now the puna snipe has in the past been treated as a subspecies of common snipe (G. gallinago) with what are now the Pantanal snipe (G. paraguaiae) and the Magellanic snipe (G. magellanica). After the puna snipe was recognized as a species, the Pantanal and Magellanic snipes were sometimes treated as subspecies of it. By about the year 2000 all three were beginning to be recognized as individual species by most taxonomic systems. The current (2022) puna snipe has two subspecies, the nominate G. a. andina (Taczanowski, 1875) and G. a. innotata (Hellmayr, 1932).
- 学名
- Gallinago andina
- 命名信息
- Taczanowski, 1875
- 目
- Charadriiformes
- 科
- Scolopacidae
- 属
- Gallinago
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of puna snipe is found in the Andes of Peru, northern Chile, Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina. Undocumented sight records in Ecuador lead the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society to class it as hypothetical in that country. Subspecies G. a. innotata is found only in northern Chiles's Antofagasta Region.<p>The puna snipe inhabits the puna grassland zone of the Andes. It favors damp to wet landscapes such as boggy rivers, cushion plant bogs, the reedy edges of ponds, lakes, and rivers, and sometimes open reed marshes. In elevation it ranges between 3,000 and 4,600 m (9,800 and 15,100 ft) in Peru, between 2,000 and 5,000 m (6,600 and 16,400 ft) in Chile, and between 2,000 and 4,000 m (6,600 and 13,100 ft) in Argentina.
- 迁徙
- Vertical migration
行为
Some members of the Argentinian population of the puna snipe's nominate subspecies move east onto the pampas during the austral winter. Those in Chile and Peru appear to also move lower but not as dramatically. Movements of G. a. innotata, if any, are not known.<p>The puna snipe's feeding behavior and diet have not been studied. Both are assumed to be similar to those of other South American Gallinago snipes, which forage for insect larvae and earthworms by probing mud and wet soil.<p>The puna snipe's breeding season varies geographically. It is mostly between October and December in Peru and includes at least September in northern Chile. The male performs a winnowing display during courtship, flying high in circles and then taking shallow dives to produce a distinctive sound. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.<p>The puna snipe sings from the ground "a fast-paced but mellow-sounding 'tip-tip-tip-tip...', 'cut-cut-cut-cut...' or 'dyak dyak dyak .... dyuc dyuc dyuc...'". When taking flight it makes "a sharp, dry 'chep chep chep!', 'che’che’che' or 'dzeetch'". The species' non-vocal winnowing is made by air flowing over the outer tail feathers during flight. It is described as "a long, stuttering whoosh, rendered 'tch’ch’ch’ch’".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Yellow-throated Nightingale-Thrush
Catharus dryas
Small, attractively patterned thrush of tropical and subtropical evergreen forest in foothills and highlands. Usually elusive and heard far more often than seen. Feeds mainly on the ground, but also in fruiting bushes and trees. Sings from low to middle level perches. Plumage distinctive: black head, contrasting orange eyering, bill, and legs, and yellow underparts with dusky spotting. Song distinctive: short, slightly squeaky, fluty phrases, repeated. Limited range; occurs from Chiapas to Honduras. Similar to Speckled Nightingale-Thrush but no range overlap.
Golden-eared Tanager
Tangara chrysotis
Colorful cloud forest tanager found mainly along the east slope of the Andes. It is bluish-green with an orange face, coppery belly, and bold black markings on the head and back. Nothing similar occurs in its range. Typically stays rather high in the trees and is usually encountered following mixed-species flocks. Occasionally visits feeders in some areas.
Wilson's Bird-of-Paradise
Diphyllodes respublica
A fairly small bird of foothill forest on Waigeo and Batanta islands. Dark blue feet and strange pale blue skin on the top of the head divided by thin, black lines. Male has bottle green chest, red back and yellow on the back of the neck, all or which it can erect into elaborate ornamentation during the display at a court on the ground. Remarkable flattened, curly tail feathers reflect blue. The female is brown above with rufous in the wing and barred below. Unmistakable in range. Male gives a series of loud, downslurred “piuu!” calls, increasing in volume.
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