Dusky Twinspot

Large red-brown cacique with a distinctive yellow helmeted bill. Yellow-olive throat and breast contrast with rich red-brown upper parts; in flight, tail is bright yellow with a central olive stripe. Resembles oropendolas more than most species of caciques; helpful distinguishing characteristics include its uniquely shaped bill and light blue eyes. Found in humid lowland rainforest, most commonly around swampy areas and streams. Frequently found in large flocks, often in the company of other cacique species and oropendolas.

Large, dark sparrow with extensive geographic variation. Larger than Song Sparrow, and generally darker with thicker streaking. Four groups of subspecies: Red (only subspecies found in eastern U.S., but breeds to Alaska), Slate-colored (Rockies), Sooty (Pacific Northwest), Thick-billed (California). Habitat varies across range, but generally breeds in forests with thick understory, often with plenty of conifers. In winter, tends to occur in dense thickets. Forages mainly on the ground in search of seeds. Visits feeders.

A very plain gray-brown seedeater with a white belly and a white rump that is usually conspicuous in flight. Found in dry savanna, woodland, and cultivated areas, usually in small flocks, often mixed with other species. Similar to other seedeaters, but easily separated by the white rump. Further separated from Reichenow’s Seedeater by the plainer and less patterned face. The song is a constant stream of musical whistles and trills.