Rainbow Starfrontlet
Coeligena iris
Large and spectacular hummingbird found in the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru. Plumage varies geographically, but all birds have bright chestnut on lower back, tail, belly, and wings, along with a green breast. Crown color ranges from rusty at the northern limit of its range to glittering green and blue farther south. Throat patch may be purple or blue and varies in size. Also note rather long bill. Female is duller than male and lacks throat patch and iridescence. Inhabits montane forest and scrub, and occasionally visits feeders.
识别特征
The rainbow starfrontlet is 12.5 to 14 cm (4.9 to 5.5 in) long. Males weigh 6.7 to 8.8 g (0.24 to 0.31 oz) and females 6 to 8.1 g (0.21 to 0.29 oz). Both sexes have a long, straight, black bill, with the female's being somewhat longer than the male's. Both sexes have a white spot behind the eye. Both sexes also have a forked tail, but the male's is more deeply indented than the female's. The subspecies differ significantly in their plumage.<p>Males of the nominate subspecies have a glittering yellow-green forecrown that transitions through golden yellow to blue on the crown. Their upperparts are mostly blackish with a green sheen and are chestnut on the lower back and rump. The throat and chest are glittering emerald green and the throat has a small violet spot. The belly, undertail coverts, and tail are chestnut. Nominate females are generally similar to the males but with less of a metallic sheen, and juveniles are similar to adult females.<p>Males of subspecies C. i. hesperus have a dark golden-red crown with a blue stripe, a golden green back, green underparts with a violet throat spot, and bronzy tips on the chestnut tail feathers. Females are a duller version of the male. Males of C. i. aurora have a turquoise crown with golden tips to the feathers, a black hindneck, and light chestnut upperparts. Their chin and throat are turquoise and the rest of the underparts light chestnut. Females are again a duller version of the male. C. i. flagrans is similar to the nominate but with a coppery hindneck and back. C. i. fulgidiceps is also similar to the nominate but with a blackish neck and upper back and darker chestnut on the underparts. Males of C. i. eva have a yellowish green forecrown, a dark violet crown, and a coppery hindneck and back. Their chin, throat, and breast are emerald green and the rest of the underparts chestnut. They do not have the violet throat patch of the other subspecies. The female has a coppery green head and lighter underparts than the male.
分类信息
The rainbow starfrontlet has these six subspecies:<p>Early in the 20th century, subspecies C. i. hesperus, C. i. aurora, C. i. eva were considered to be separate species. "Striking differences between subspecies suggest that several are very close to species status...further gathering and analysis of evidence is needed, however, in order to produce coherent revision of species limits in this complex."
- 学名
- Coeligena iris
- 命名信息
- (Gould, 1853)
- 目
- Apodiformes
- 科
- Trochilidae
- 属
- Coeligena
分布与栖息地
The six subspecies of rainbow starfrontlet are found thus:<p>The rainbow starfrontlet inhabits the edges of both humid and semi-humid cloudforest, gardens, and riparian scrub. In elevation it generally ranges from 1,700 to 3,300 m (5,600 to 10,800 ft) but has been recorded as high as 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in northern Peru's Huascarán National Park.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The rainbow starfrontlet is presumed to be sedentary.<p>The rainbow starfrontlet forages for nectar by trap-lining, visiting a circuit of a wide variety of flowering plants, most of which have tubular red flowers. Examples include those of genera Embothrium, Fuchsia, Iochroma, Mutisia, Salvia, and Tilandsia. It usually forages within 2 to 4 m (7 to 10 ft) of the ground. In addition to feeding on nectar it captures small arthropods by hawking.<p>The rainbow starfrontlet's breeding season lasts from November into January. The female builds a cup nest of small twigs, moss, and lichens lined with soft plant fibers. It is typically placed in the fork of a small branch. No further details of its breeding phenology have been documented.<p>During aerial chases, the rainbow starfrontlet makes a "thin, wiry chatter, rising and falling, with rattles and squeaky notes". It also makes "tsit" or "tip" notes.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Black Noddy
Anous minutus
A medium-sized black tern with a tail that appears square or slightly forked. Smaller and darker than Brown Noddy with a shorter tail, thinner bill, and more contrasting white cap. Uniformly black back, wings and tail, and dark legs, except on the main Hawaiian islands where tail and rump are grayish and feet and legs are bright orange. Nests on coastal cliffs, in sea caves, and in trees. More often seen in groups than Brown Noddy. Often seen from shore.
Little Tern
Sternula albifrons
Tiny, delicate-looking tern. Mainly coastal, but also occurs inland locally. Breeding plumage has black cap with white forehead chevron, black-tipped yellow bill. Readily identified by tiny size, though wintering adults can be confusingly similar in patterning to Common Tern; look out for black stripes extending from the shoulder to the wingtip. Breeds colonially on sandy and stony substrates, at times with other terns, from beaches to riverbanks and lakeshores. Often overlooked unless noisy and mobbing you at a colony. Flies with hurried deep wingbeats; splash dives in water to catch small fish.
Turati's Boubou
Laniarius turatii
Chunky black-and-white bushshrike. The upperparts are cleanly black and the underparts are white with a pinkish wash, especially on the breast. Uses habitats with a dense understory, including riparian thickets within savanna, as well as forest edge. Usually found in pairs. Similar to Tropical Boubou, but there is little overlap in range, and Turati’s is separated by the lack of a white shoulder patch. The typical vocalization is a duet in which the male gives a hollow, rising whistle and the female a low, rasping, frog-like note.
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