Pantanal Snipe
Gallinago paraguaiae
Cryptic shorebird found predominately in lowland wet grasslands and flooded fields. Note the long straight bill, white belly with variegated cryptic plumage, and prominent contrasting pale lines on the face and back. In flight, shows a white terminal tail band. Sings a fast repetitive “kek kek kek kek” when on the ground. Also listen for harsh and vibrating “drumming” notes that increase in volume, produced with its tail feathers during flight displays. Not restricted to Paraguay; widespread across much of South America. Formerly known as South American Snipe.
识别特征
The adult Pantanal snipe is 26 to 30 cm (10 to 12 in) long. Males weigh about 105 to 140 g (3.7 to 4.9 oz) and females 115 to 185 g (4.1 to 6.5 oz). Females are slightly larger than males but otherwise the same. They have short greenish-gray legs and a very long straight dark bill. Their upperparts have a complex pattern of muted whitish, buffy, rufous, and black on a brown background. Their breast and flanks are buff with black markings and the rest of their underparts whitish. Their face has tan and darker brown stripes that blend into each other.
分类信息
The taxonomic history of the New World snipes of genus Gallinago is complicated. What is now the Pantanal snipe has in the past been treated as a subspecies of common snipe (G. gallinago), then as conspecific with what are now the Magellanic snipe (G. magellanica) and the puna snipe (G. andina), and later still as conspecific with only the Magellanic snipe. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), and the Clements taxonomy treat all of them as separate species. However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retains the Pantanal and Magellanic snipes as subspecies of what it calls the South American snipe, with the binomial G. paraguaiae.<p>This article follows the IOC definition of a monotypic G. paraguaiae, the Pantanal snipe.
- 学名
- Gallinago paraguaiae
- 命名信息
- (Vieillot, 1816)
- 目
- Charadriiformes
- 科
- Scolopacidae
- 属
- Gallinago
分布与栖息地
The Pantanal snipe is found in almost every mainland South American country; it is absent from Chile and has been found in Ecuador only as a vagrant. It also occurs on Trinidad and the Falkland Islands. However, it is scarce in the Amazon Basin. It inhabits wet grassy savanna. In elevation it is known as high as 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in Venezuela, as high as 2,200 m (7,200 ft) in Peru, and perhaps as high as 2,600 m (8,500 ft) in Bolivia.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The Pantanal snipe is essentially sedentary, though some make short movements in winter to find permanent marshes.<p>The Pantanal snipe forages by probing in mud. Their diet of invertebrates is not known in detail but includes insect larvae and earthworms.<p>The Pantanal snipe breeds in most of South America away from the Pacific coast and eastern Brazil, and also on Trinidad and the Falkland Islands. Its breeding season varies geographically across its very large range but has not been fully defined anywhere. The male performs a winnowing display during courtship, flying high in circles and then taking shallow dives to produce a distinctive sound. The typical clutch size is four eggs. The nest, incubation period, and time to fledging are not known.<p>The Pantanal snipe has a very wide variety of vocalizations including a slow chip "kek..kek..kek..kek..kek...", a fast chip "kekkekkekkekkekkekkek", a "short raspy" flight call "..kek......kek...kek-kek...", and a flush call "KEK.kek.kek.....kek.kek...". The chip calls are typically made from the ground or near it such as from a fence post. The species' non-vocal winnowing is made by air flowing over the outer tail feathers during flight. It is described as "a muffled stuttered crescendo series...huhuhuhuhuhu.hu.WHOO..WHOO..WHOO.whu" that lasts about two or three seconds and is repeated about every 10 seconds.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Brown-capped Weaver
Ploceus insignis
Unusual and attractive black-and-yellow weaver. Males show a brown cap and females a black one. Both sexes have a yellow patch on the back. Found in montane forest, usually in pairs or small groups, which often join mixed-species feeding flocks. Feeds by creeping along larger tree limbs like a nuthatch. Not very vocal, but vocalizations are typical of weavers: “chit” notes and a sizzling, “radio static” song. Similar to Preuss’s and Yellow-capped Weavers, but male is separated by its brown cap, and female by its all-black head.
Stripe-throated Jery
Neomixis striatigula
Small, energetic, sharp-billed warbler. Always shows strong striping on the underparts. Madagascar endemic that is found in rainforest, spiny forest, and scrub, and only very locally in dry deciduous forest. Often joins flocks with other small bird species. Song in the east is a long, sweet, up-and-down trill. Song in the west is a complicated series of high notes and lower trills. Larger and bigger-billed than other jeries, with dark legs and strong striping below. Smaller than Rand’s Warbler, with a greener back, a weaker eye-stripe, and streaking below.
Sao Tome Green-Pigeon
Treron sanctithomae
Chunky, medium-sized pigeon that has a green back and gray underparts. Also note the purple shoulders and the whitish bill with a red base. Flight is fast and direct. Sometimes alone, though more often in small groups. The species clambers around clumsily like a parrot but can remain well hidden. Found in the canopy of rainforest, secondary forest, and plantations. Most common at middle elevations. Voice is a quiet but maniacal combination of sputters, whistles, and cackles. Easily identified, as it is the only green pigeon on the island of Sao Tome.
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