Cardinal Lory

Small owl restricted to cloud forest in Colombia’s Santa Marta Mountains. Plumage is almost identical to that of Tropical Screech-Owl, with which it was confused until differences in voice were noted. Color is variable and ranges from dull brown to rusty. Typical song is a rapid series of soft notes that rises and then falls in pitch; it is much longer and steadier than the song of Tropical Screech-Owl, which is found in lower and drier parts of the mountains. Regularly encountered in and around El Dorado Nature Reserve.

Drab, undistinguished-looking bulbul. Predominantly gray-brown with a white throat and slight rufous tones on the wings and tail. Pale eye and unmarked head distinguish it from other plain brownish bulbuls within its range. Tends to be seen solitarily or in pairs but will occasionally join mixed flocks or forage in larger groups at fruiting trees. Unmusical; gives a loud, ringing nasal note, often repetitively.

Medium-sized antbird. Males are gray with small white spots on the wings, and females are cinnamon with pale spots on the wings. Usually found foraging in the understory or on the ground of upland forest, usually apart from mixed-species flocks. The song is a descending series of melodic notes. Males are very similar to those of Spot-winged Antbird; the two species are best distinguished by song or by female plumage: Spot-winged females have gray cheeks.