Sao Tome Pigeon
Columba malherbii
A small-to-medium-sized dark pigeon with slaty wings, a grayish head and breast, an iridescent green-pink sheen on the mantle, a buffy vent, and red feet. Sexes differ in plumage: male has a gray belly and female has a buff-rufous belly. Pairs are fairly common in the canopy and at middle levels of forest, including degraded forest and edge, but rarer at higher altitudes. Calls include a grating “krrrrk-krrrrk” and song is “kruueh-kruuw-koo-koo-ko-ko-kokokoko” with notes speeding up like a bouncing ping-pong ball. The larger Maroon Pigeon has yellow legs and bill and lacks Sao Tome Pigeon’s iridescent green nape; Lemon Dove has a white face and frequents the forest floor.
识别特征
The island bronze-naped pigeon is a small, darkish pigeon with a total length of 28 cm (11 in) and a wing length of 178–182 mm (7.0–7.2 in) in males and 165–176 mm (6.5–6.9 in) in females. In adult males, the crown (top of the head), forecrown, hindcrown, back of the neck, and mantle are slaty-grey, with the last three having a glossy pink or green sheen. The wings and back down to the top of the tail are blackish-grey with a greenish tinge. The chin and throat are buffy-white, while the breast and belly are pale ashy-grey. The vent and underside of the tail are rufous with grey spots, while the upper side of the tail is blackish-grey with a yellowish-brown wash on the edges of the rectrices. The eye-ring is narrow and light grey and the iris is pale grey. The bill is dark grey with a pale tip, and the feet are red.<p>Females are similar to males, but have browner undersides, with fine yellow-brown speckling on the lower breast and upper belly. The lower belly down to the vent is pale rufous with grey speckling. The upperparts are duller and less glossy, and the outer tail feathers are more rusty-orange. Juveniles are like females but browner overall, with less iridescence on the back of the neck, ochre or rufous freckles on the upperparts, and buff edges to the feathers of the crown and forecrown.<p>The species is similar in appearance to the closely related western and eastern bronze-naped pigeons, but does not co-occur with them in any part of its range. On São Tomé, it may be confused with the São Tomé olive pigeon and São Tomé lemon dove. The olive pigeon is larger, with white spots on the lower breast and wings. Males are also maroon; females are more similar in colour, but are generally darker grey than the island bronze-naped pigeon. The lemon dove is more terrestrial in its habits and plumper appearance. It also has duller and less extensive green iridescence, as well as red orbital skin and irises.<p>The advertising call consists of two hoarse hoots followed by 15–20 stuttering notes, "rhuuuw...rhuuw...rhu-tu-tu-tu-tutututu", with the later notes being shorter and eventually fading away. It is quite distinct from the calls of the other bronze-naped pigeons, and is more reminiscent of Streptopelia doves in its tone and structure. The species also makes nasal "wuh..wuh..." calls when feeding.
分类信息
The island bronze-naped pigeon was described as Columba Malherbii in 1851 by Jules and Édouard Verreaux based on specimen from São Tomé, although they erroneously mentioned the type locality as being "Gaboon". The generic name is derived from the Latin word columba, meaning 'pigeon' or 'dove'. The specific name malherbii is in honour of Alfred Malherbe, a French jurist and ornithologist. Island bronze-naped pigeon is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union. Other common names for the species include São Tomé bronze-naped pigeon, São Tomé grey pigeon, São Tomé pigeon, and Malherbe's pigeon. It has no subspecies.<p>The island bronze-naped pigeon is one of 35 species in the genus Columba in the pigeon family Columbidae. It is occasionally considered to be the same species as the western and eastern bronze-naped pigeons; these three species are also sometimes placed in the subgenus Turturoena.
- 学名
- Columba malherbii
- 命名信息
- Verreaux, J & Verreaux, É, 1851
- 目
- Columbiformes
- 科
- Columbidae
- 属
- Columba
分布与栖息地
The island bronze-naped pigeon is endemic to the Gulf of Guinea, where it occurs on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in São Tomé and Príncipe, and Annobón in Equatorial Guinea. On Annobón, it inhabits rainforest at elevations of up to 500 m (1,600 ft) above sea level. On Príncipe, it inhabits forests and plantations, and is considerably less common in primary forest than other similar species. On São Tomé, it also inhabits forests and plantations, but is more common in human-modified habitats like shade forests and non-forested areas like savannas. It occurs at elevations of up to 1,668 m (5,472 ft), but is more common at lower elevations and is absent from high-elevation forests on São Tomé.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
Migration pattern: Resident species.
保护状况
Population trend: declining.
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
其他鸟类
Stripe-throated Hermit
Phaethornis striigularis
Small, inconspicuous hummingbird of humid tropical lowlands. Favors shady forest understory and edges, where feeds at all levels. Males sit and sing tirelessly from knee-high perches in the understory but, they can be very difficult to locate. Note the tiny size, striped face, arched bill, buffy underparts, and rusty rump patch. Squeak call in flight similar to Long-billed Hermit but softer and less explosive.
Henst's Goshawk
Astur henstii
A big, powerful goshawk. Adults are gray on the back with fine gray barring below; females much larger. Immatures have a brown back and thick streaks below. Endemic to Madagascar, where it is a scarce resident of all types of primary forest. Rarely sits in the open, and only occasionally soars. Territorial call is a loud repeated “khew” which is often given in flight. Males can be very hard to separate from similarly-sized female Madagascar Sparrowhawk. On Henst’s, look for fine bars on the undertail, a completely barred throat, and a central toe of normal length. Immatures may only be separable based on toe length. Also very similar to the rare Madagascar Serpent-Eagle. Subtle differences include slightly smaller size, evenly-spaced barring on the chest, thicker black bands on the tail, and an unbarred back.
Reischek's Parakeet
Cyanoramphus hochstetteri
A medium-sized, emerald-green parakeet endemic to the Antipodes Islands, including smaller outer islands. Recognized by its distinctive bright red crown and small red patches behind the eyes. Green body plumage has a slight yellowish tint. Males are larger than females. Most commonly found in areas of low vegetation and open areas along the coast. Forms small flocks in autumn and winter. Calls are a distinctive parakeet chatter. Distinguished from Red-crowned Parakeet by lack of range overlap and the more yellow-green body plumage. Easily distinguished from larger, all-green Antipodes Island Parakeet.
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