Tropical Parula
Setophaga pitiayumi
Small short-tailed warbler; bright and boldly patterned. Blue-gray above with green back, two bold white wingbars (limited white in Middle American birds), and yellow-orange throat and chest. Males have darker face and brighter yellow-orange chest than females. Bill is sharp, black above and yellow below. Very similar to Northern Parula; note lack of white eyearcs and no dark markings on breast. Beware of rarely-occurring hybrids and some dull immatures, which can be very similar to Northern Parula. Common and widespread in forests throughout Central and South America; rare in U.S.; found only in mossy forests in southern Texas.
识别特征
It is 4.3 in (11 cm) long and has mainly blue-grey upperparts, with a greenish back patch and two white wing bars. The underparts are yellow, becoming orange on the breast. The male has a black patch from the bill to behind the eye.<p>Females are slightly duller than males and lack black on the head. The immature tropical parula is dull-plumaged, lacks the wing bars, and has a grey band on the breast.<p>The song is a high buzzy trill, and the call is a sharp tsit.<p>The tropical parula has about 14 subspecies, with a wide range of plumage tones. S. p. graysoni, is endemic to Socorro in the Revillagigedo Islands. Some subspecies (especially insular ones) are occasionally considered separate species.<p>Setophaga pitiayumi has occasionally been lumped with the closely related northern parula (S. americana) as a single species. Hybrids are routinely found in the Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas, though this may be a recent phenomenon. Most tropical parulas can be distinguished from the northern parula by their lack of white-eye crescents, but this may be ambiguous in hybrids. One should also look for the distribution and extent of non-yellow coloration on the breast, and the extent of yellow below the cheek and on the belly.<p>In addition, a partially leucistic tropical parula female was seen in 2005, at Reserva Buenaventura in El Oro Province, Ecuador. With several small white areas on the forehead and around the eyes, this bird appeared much like a hybrid, but such birds would only occur as far south as Panama (if they would migrate like the northern parula).
分类信息
- 学名
- Setophaga pitiayumi
- 命名信息
- (Vieillot, 1817)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Parulidae
- 属
- Setophaga
分布与栖息地
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The tropical parula is a species mainly of hills and premontane forests and does not occur in the Amazon basin. It seems to prefer moderately disturbed and secondary forests and seems to cope well with habitat fragmentation. On the eastern slope of the Andes for example it is regularly found at about 3,300–4,300 ft (1,000–1,300 m). There, its habitat is a patchy mix containing primary forest (e.g. high Iriartea deltoidea palm woods), wet premontane secondary forest dominated e.g. by Elaeagia (Rubiaceae), and with abundant epiphytes and hemiepiphytes such as Clusiaceae, former clearings overgrown with shrubs, and fresh forest edges.<p>S. p. graysoni mostly keeps to low woody vegetation, typically Croton masonii shrubs, a few feet (some 1–1.5 meters) above ground; they are more terrestrial than other subspecies of the tropical parula and often can be seen hopping on the ground – though probably less so where feral cats are abundant.<p>These birds feed on insects, spiders, and occasionally berries. They may be seen to attend mixed-species feeding flocks, in some locations (e.g. in the Serra de Paranapiacaba) commonly, but often just coincidentally.<p>The tropical parula nests in clumps of epiphytes (especially Spanish moss, Tillandsia usneoides) in a tree, laying usually two eggs in a scantily lined domed nest. Incubation is 12–14 days, mainly by the female. On Socorro Island, the breeding season is probably in the summer months, and by November, the young appear to have fledged.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Rivoli's Hummingbird
Eugenes fulgens
Very large for a hummingbird; size alone separates from many other species. Males are green overall with darker blackish chest and belly. Head appears black until it hits the light and reveals an iridescent purple crown and green throat. Females duller with grayish belly, mottled greenish sides, and speckled gray throat. Separate from Blue-throated Mountain-gem by longer bill, more speckled appearance on underparts, and smaller white tail corners. Used to be called Magnificent Hummingbird, but recently split into Rivoli’s Hummingbird (from southwest U.S. to Nicaragua) and Talamanca Hummingbird (found in mossy cloud forest in Costa Rica and Panama). Visits hummingbird feeders.
Flame-crested Tanager
Loriotus cristatus
Medium-sized tanager found in the canopy of humid forests where it normally associates with mixed-species flocks. Males are mostly black with an orange-red crest and chin. They have a small white spot on the shoulder and a buffy rump. Females are uniformly olive-brown. Several subspecies vary in the color of the male’s crest, chin, and rump. The song is a fast and high-pitched series of “tsee” notes.
Genovesa Cactus-Finch
Geospiza propinqua
This Galápagos finch is confined to the island of Genovesa. It has a fairly large bill that appears slightly elongated. The only other finch on Genovesa with a similarly-sized bill is Large Ground-Finch. Compared to that species, Genovesa Cactus-Finch has a smaller, less rounded bill that is noticeably longer than it is deep. Bill is pure black on breeding male, and marked with yellow or orange on female and non-breeding male. Male’s plumage is sooty-black; female is brown with paler underparts that are blotched with gray. Common in arid areas near the coast, and often seen feeding on prickly pear flowers.
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