Glittering-throated Emerald
Chionomesa fimbriata
Fairly common small hummingbird. Metallic green overall with a white spot behind the eyes, an orangish lower mandible, a pale vent, and a bluish-black tail with a greenish base. Both sexes are similar. Subspecies differ in the amount of blue on the throat. Found in a variety of open and semiopen habitats, but avoids forest interiors, savannas, and urban areas.
识别特征
The glittering-throated emerald is 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 in) long and weighs 3.5 to 6.2 g (0.12 to 0.22 oz). Both sexes have a straight bill with a blackish maxilla and a pinkish mandible with a dark tip; its length varies among the subspecies. Adult males of the nominate subspecies C. f. fimbriata have golden- to bronze-green upperparts and a dark bronze-green to blackish bronze tail. Their throat and most of their breast are glittering golden-green. The center of their lower breast and their belly are white and their undertail coverts white with brownish centers. Adult females are similar to the male with the addition of white bars near the end of their throat feathers and greenish-gray tips on their outermost tail feathers. Juveniles resemble the adult female but with a more grayish-brown breast.<p>Subspecies C. f. elegantissima has coppery to purplish uppertail coverts. C. f. apicalis and C. f. fluviatilis have significantly longer bills than the nominate. C. f. fluviatilis also has a turquoise to bluish sheen on its throat, a characteristic shared with C. f. laeta. Subspecies C. f. nigricauda and C. f. tephrocephala have completely white undertail coverts and greenish-black to bluish black tails. C. f. tephrocephala is slightly heavier than the nominate and also significantly larger in all dimensions.
分类信息
The glittering-throated emerald was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other hummingbirds in the genus Trochilus and coined the binomial name Trochilus fimbriatus. Gmelin based his description on "L'Oiseau-mouche à gorge tachetée de Cayenne" that had been described and illustrated by the French ornithologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760, and by the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1779.<p>This species was formerly placed in the genus Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Amazilia was polyphyletic. In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the glittering-throated emerald and the sapphire-spangled emerald (Chionomesa lactea) were moved by most taxonomic systems to the resurrected genus Chionomesa that had been introduced in 1921 by the French naturalist Eugène Simon. However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World retains it in Amazilia.<p>The genus name Chionomesa combines the Ancient Greek khiōn meaning "snow" with mesos meaning "middle". The specific epithet fimbriata is from the Latin fimbriatus meaning "fringed".<p>Seven subspecies of glittering-throated emerald are recognized:<p>Subspecies C. f. apicalis, C. f. fluviatilis, C. f. nigricauda, and C. f. tephrocephala have at times been treated as individual species.
- 学名
- Chionomesa fimbriata
- 命名信息
- (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
- 目
- Apodiformes
- 科
- Trochilidae
- 属
- Chionomesa
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of glittering-throated emerald are found thus:<p>The glittering-throated emerald inhabits a wide variety of semi-open to open landscapes, shunning the interior of dense forest. It is found in less dense dry and humid forest, gallery forest, secondary forest, open woodland, savanna, scrublands, caatinga, plantations, and gardens. C. f. tephrocephala is also found in mangroves.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
Migration pattern: Resident species.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- unknown
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Red-and-white Spinetail
Certhiaxis mustelinus
Strikingly bicolored spinetail, bright rusty above and white below. Note the dusky lores. Found in riverine marshes. The song is a loud rattle: “tch-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t.”. The similar Yellow-chinned Spinetail has a pale eyebrow and a yellow chin and lacks the dusky lores; its song is similar but drier.
Streaked Bulbul
Ixos malaccensis
Large olive-brown bulbul with a long, powerful, chisel-like bill. Pale gray below, with white streaking on the throat and breast. Similarly-shaped Buff-vented Bulbul is browner, with a yellow vent and no streaking on the breast. Inhabits lowland and foothill forests, where it forages up in the middle and upper levels, often with other species. Song is an assemblage of squeaky, upslurred notes.
Gola Malimbe
Malimbus ballmanni
A striking black-and-yellow malimbe; the female lacks the yellow nape of the male. Juvenile has a pale bill and yellow on the crown and chin. A scarce and patchily distributed endemic resident of Upper Guinea, preferring the middle levels and canopy of tall primary and secondary lowland forest. Joins flocks, often with other malimbes, and gleans leaves and thin twigs looking for insects in the manner of a tit. Vocalizations are poorly known but include varied swizzling and chittering notes. Other malimbes in range have red rather than yellow highlights in their black plumage.
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