Black-headed Bulbul
Microtarsus melanocephalos
Olive-yellow bulbul with a black head and unsettling sapphire eyes. Broad black band across the tail is especially noticeable when seen from below. No other bulbul in its range sports a crestless dark head, but look out for the slenderer and longer-billed leafbirds, whose dark throats may cause confusion when seen from below. Extremely rare gray morph replaces all yellow with gray, and intermediate birds have both yellow and gray patches. Inhabits broadleaf and mixed forests as well as edges, often in areas close to water. Usually seen in pairs or small flocks in the upper layers of lowland and foothill forest. Unlike many other bulbuls, not particularly vocal; gives occasional “chew” or “chep” notes, often while flying.
识别特征
The black-headed bulbul is 16–18 cm (6.3–7.1 in) in overall length and weighs 20–30 g (0.71–1.06 oz). It has a mainly olive-yellow plumage with a glossy bluish-black head. A rare grey morph where most of the olive-yellow is replaced by grey also exists. It resembles the black-crested bulbul, but has blue eyes (though not reliable in juveniles), a broad yellow tip to the tail, and never shows a crest (however, some subspecies of the black-crested are also essentially crestless, but they have red or yellow throats).
分类信息
The black-headed bulbul was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the shrikes in the genus Lanius and coined the binomial name Lanius melanocephalos. The specific epithet combines the Ancient Greek melas meaning "black" with -kephalos meaning "-headed". Gmelin based his account on the "black-headed shrike" that had been described and illustrated in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume work A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham did not specify the origin of his specimen but Gmelin gave the locality as the Sandwich Islands. This was an error and the type locality was designated as Sumatra by the Harry Oberholser in 1912.<p>Earlier in his book Gmelin used the name Lanius melanocephalus for a variety of the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio. This has led to difficulties with the taxonomy. In 1917 Oberholser argued that under the code of nomenclature then adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union, Lanius melanocephalos was pre-occupied by Lanius melanocephalus and the correct name under the rules would be Turdus atriceps Temminck 1822. Oberholser's proposal was generally adopted and atriceps was used as the specific epithet. In 2018 it was pointed out that under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature published in 1999 the two names are not homonyms (and if they were Lanius melanocephalos would have priority as it was applied to a species rather than a variety). Gmelin is again now recognised as the authority for this species. The black-headed bulbul was formerly placed in the genus Pycnonotus but when this genus was found to be polyphyletic it was moved to the genus Brachypodius that had been introduced in 1845 by the English zoologist Edward Blyth.<p>Until 2008, the Andaman bulbul was considered as a subspecies of the black-headed bulbul.<p>Four subspecies are recognized:
- 学名
- Microtarsus melanocephalos
- 命名信息
- (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Strigidae
- 属
- Microtarsus
分布与栖息地
- 迁徙
- Nomadic movement
行为
The black-headed bulbul feeds mainly on small fruit and berries, but will also take insects. It commonly occurs in small flocks of 6-8 individuals.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
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Numenius arquata
Scimitar-billed large shorebird of varied open habitats. Note large size, overall brown plumage, and long, decurved bill (appreciably shorter on juvenile). In flight shows white back patch, mostly white underwings. Common call an onomatopoeic "coor-lee." Compare to smaller Whimbrel, which has head stripes, a piping whistled call, and Far Eastern Curlew, which has a buffy rump and extensively marked underwings. Breeds mainly in grasslands, from coastal marshes to upland moors; winters mainly in coastal lowlands, especially mudflats and adjacent marshes.
Rufous-tailed Hawk
Buteo ventralis
Scarce and often rather local hawk of temperate rainforest and edge, adjacent open and semiopen areas. Looks similar to the Red-tailed Hawk of North America. Hunts from perches, less often in flight. Light morph has dark leading edge to underwing; adult has diagnostic rusty tail with narrow dark bars. Rare dark morph has dark body plumage, adult tail washed grayish; immature has broader, blunter wings than very similar dark-morph immature of Variable Hawk.
Meves's Starling
Lamprotornis mevesii
A medium-large, iridescent glossy starling with a very long and graduated tail. The color of the iridescence is blue and purple in most of the range, but the southwestern Angola population shows yellowish bronzy gloss. Pairs, groups, and flocks are resident in open savanna, preferring broadleaf woodland like Brachystegia (miombo) and areas with baobabs. The species feeds on the ground, walking with long strides, and sits low in trees, searching mostly for insects to eat. The similar Burchell’s Starling differs from Meves’s Starling by being greener and larger, with a less graduated tail that is proportionately shorter.
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