Tufted Duck
Aythya fuligula
Common in wetlands from marshy and reed-fringed lakes to open reservoirs; locally on the sea in winter, especially when lakes freeze. Boldly patterned male distinctive: black overall with bright white flanks (whiter than scaup) and floppy crest. Female dark brown overall with short crest, paler flanks, staring golden-yellow eyes, and often a messy white patch at base of bill. In flight, both sexes show bold white wingstripe. Often in flocks in winter; feeds mainly by diving, but often spends much of day sleeping. Widespread breeder across Eurasia, wintering to central Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Rare winter vagrant to North America, where almost always found singly among flocks of scaup. Compared with scaup, Tufted Duck always shows very dark blackish back, and even nearly tuftless females are darker than scaup with more limited white patch on face.
识别特征
The adult male is all black except for white flanks and a blue-grey bill with gold-yellow eyes, along with a thin crest on the back of its head. It has an obvious head tuft that gives the species its name. The adult female is brown with paler flanks, and is more easily confused with other diving ducks. In particular, some have white around the bill base which resembles the scaup species, although the white is never as extensive as in those ducks. The females' call is a harsh, growling "karr", mostly given in flight. The males are mostly silent but they make whistles during courtship based on a simple "wit-oo".<p>The only ducks which are similar are the greater scaup and lesser scaup, but these species have no tuft and a different call.<p>The tufted duck is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.<p>Refer to the following table for measurements of the tufted duck:
分类信息
- 学名
- Aythya fuligula
- 命名信息
- (Linnaeus, 1758)
- 目
- Anseriformes
- 科
- Anatidae
- 属
- Aythya
分布与栖息地
The tufted duck breeds throughout temperate and northern Eurasia. It occasionally can be found as a winter visitor along both coasts of the United States and Canada. It is believed to have expanded its traditional range with the increased availability of open water due to gravel extraction, and the spread of freshwater mussels, a favourite food. These ducks are migratory in most of their range, and overwinter in the milder south and west of Europe, southern Asia and all year in the British Isles. One individual has been reported as far south as Melbourne, Australia. They form large flocks on open water in winter. Their breeding habitat is close to marshes and lakes with plenty of vegetation to conceal the nest. They are also found on coastal lagoons, shorelines and sheltered ponds.
- 繁殖区
- PAL : widespread
- 非繁殖区
- AF and n OR
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Olivaceous Elaenia
Elaenia mesoleuca
Small nondescript flycatcher usually seen in pairs. Found in the interior and borders of forests. Olive-brown above and grayish breast with a pale belly. Note two wingbars and lack of a crest. Very similar to Small-billed Elaenia but has two (not three) wing bars and a darker breast. The song is harsh and squeaky “weel-weekru.”
Gray-chinned Sunbird
Anthreptes tephrolaemus
A very small sunbird with a short, slightly curved bill. Males are iridescent leaf green above with a red-and-black chest band, a gray throat, and a buffy gray belly. Females are drab and warbler-like with an inconspicuous pale eyebrow. Found in rainforest, montane forest, and plantations, mostly in the canopy. Males are similar to Collared Sunbird, but can be separated by the gray chin and red chest band. Females can be confused with Green Hylia, which is smaller with much less conspicuous pale markings on the face.
Black-fronted Tyrannulet
Phylloscartes nigrifrons
Small flycatcher of humid tepui forests. Best field marks are grizzled black-and-white face, dark lores, and gray crown. Also note clean grayish-white underparts. Found in forests at middle and higher elevations (above 800 m) on tepui slopes, where it typically occurs in pairs and forages actively for insects, often joining mixed-species flocks. Generally gives only indistinct chip notes while foraging, but may also give an arresting, staccato rattle very unlike other birds in range. Most likely to be confused with the more common Chapman’s Bristle-Tyrant but has conspicuously dark lores and a gray crown and lacks yellow tones on breast and belly.
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