Eurilaimo Negrigualdo

Identificación

The black-and-yellow broadbill is a small, distinctive species of typical broadbill that is 13.5–15 cm (5.3–5.9 in) long and weighs 31–39 g (1.1–1.4 oz). Males have black heads and upperparts with a white collar and black breastband, along with prominent yellow markings on the back and wings. The underparts are vinous-pink, fading to yellow towards the belly and undertail coverts (tail feathers that cover the underside of the base of the tail). The tail is black, with yellow spots on the middle feathers and whiter ones on the outer feathers. The iris is pale yellow, while the bill is bright blue, with a green tip to the upper mandible and black edges. The base of the bill lacks bristles, which are present in some other species of broadbills. The legs are reddish, with long tarsometatarsi. The species shows some sexual dimorphism, with females having a gap in the centre of the black breastband. Juveniles lack a well-defined breastband and have a pale yellow supercilium (a stripe running from the beak to above the eye) with grayish-white underparts.<p>Reddish colours in the plumage of the black-and-yellow broadbill are caused by the biological pigment 2,3-didehydro-papilioerythrinone, which is also present in the feathers of the banded broadbill, black-and-red broadbill, and Sarcophanops species. The yellow in the species' plumage is caused by the carotenoid 7,8-dihydro-3′-dehydro-lutein, which is also present in the plumage of the banded broadbill.<p>Like other typical broadbills, the black-and-yellow broadbill has a large, wide bill that is thought to have first evolved in the common ancestor of all broadbills as an adaptation to an insectivorous diet. Its large and fleshy tongue helps manipulate objects inside its beak, allowing it to mash food against the inside of the beak to "chew" it.<p>The black-and-yellow broadbill's song is a cicada-like bubbling trill that starts with a few sharp downslurred notes before rising in pitch and gradually speeding up into an 8–12 second long low, quivering trill. This song is similar to that of a banded broadbill, but is longer, accelerates more slowly, lacks an initial whistle, and ends suddenly. This song is given by a pair of birds, often calling alternately, while other individuals with the calling pair have been recorded giving a shrill, mournful peep. Other calls include a kor kor kor made by nesting males and a squeaky kyeeow.<p>Black-and-yellow broadbills have been also observed singing and counter-singing (singing in response to another bird) when close to other individuals, interspersing their songs with a throaty keowrr. The latter calls are also occasionally used during aggressive confrontations.

Taxonomía

The black-and-yellow broadbill was described as Eurylaimus ochromalus by the British naturalist Stamford Raffles in 1822 based on specimens from Singapore. The generic name Eurylaimus comes from the Ancient Greek ευρυς (eurus), meaning broad, and λαιμος (laimos), meaning throat. The specific name ochromalus may come from either the Greek ōkhros, meaning pale yellow, and melas, meaning black, or ōkhromelas, meaning jaundiced. Black-and-yellow broadbill is the official common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union. Other common names for the species include black and white broadbill, black and yellow broadbill, and black-yellow broadbill. The species is called takau kasturi in Malay, Nok Phaya Paak Kwaang lek in Thai, and curɔɔw in Temiar.<p>The black-and-yellow broadbill is one of two species currently placed in the genus Eurylaimus, in the typical broadbill family Eurylamidae, a family of ten tropical species native to Southeast Asia. Based on a 2017 study by the Brazilian researcher Alexandre Selvatti and colleagues, its closest relative is the banded broadbill. These two species are most closely related to a clade formed by the black-and-red and silver-breasted broadbills, and all three genera form a sister clade to the genus Sarcophanops. This clade is sister to one formed by the long-tailed broadbill and dusky broadbill. Both of these clades are sister to Grauer's broadbill. An earlier 2006 study by Robert Moyle and colleagues also found strong support for these relationships, but did not sample the wattled broadbill. The following cladogram shows phylogenetic relationships among the Eurylaimidae, based on the 2017 study:<p>No subspecies of the black-and-yellow broadbill are currently recognised, but populations from the Banyak Islands and West Borneo have sometimes been treated as distinct subspecies named E. o. mecistus and E. o. kalamantan, respectively. However, all of the species' populations show significant variation in appearance between individuals, making the recognition of subspecies inadvisable.

Nombre científico

Eurylaimus ochromalus

Autoridad

Raffles, 1822

Orden

Passeriformes

Familia

Eurilaimidos

Género

Eurylaimus

Distribución y hábitat

The black-and-yellow broadbill is found in Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Singapore, and Brunei. In Indonesia, it is found on the Riau Islands and the Lingga Islands, as well as on Borneo, Sumatra, Bangka Island, Belitung, and the Natuna Islands. It inhabits evergreen forest, mixed dipterocarp forest, fresh water and coastal swamp forests, heath forest, and forest edges, along with secondary forest and plantations, such as those of cocoa, rubber, and Albizia. Its presence in secondary forest and plantations depends on those areas having large remnant trees. The species is mostly found in lowlands, occurring at elevations up to 700 m (2,300 ft) in the Malay Peninsula, 900 m (3,000 ft) in Sumatra, and 1,220 m (4,000 ft) in Borneo.

Migración

Especie residente

Comportamiento

Patrón migratorio: Especie residente.

Conservación

Tendencia poblacional: en declive.

Tendencia poblacional

en declive