Formicaro alimacchiate

Identificazione

The dot-winged antwren is 10 to 12.5 cm (3.9 to 4.9 in) long and weighs 7.5 to 11.5 g (0.26 to 0.41 oz). The species has a long graduated tail. The sexes have different plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies M. q. quixensis are mostly black. They have a partly concealed white patch between their shoulders. Their greater wing coverts have large white tips and the other coverts smaller ones. Their wing's underside shows additional white areas. Their flight feathers are dark gray with a brown tinge. Their central tail feathers are black and the rest have progressively larger white tips from inner to outer. Adult females have a blackish gray head and upperparts, a black throat, and rufous-chestnut underparts that is darkest on the breast. Their pattern of white on the wings and tail are like the male's.<p>The other subspecies of the dot-winged antwren differ from the nominate and each other thus:<p>Subspecies M. q. boucardi and M. q. virgatus intergrade in Honduras; they may form a single subspecies.

Tassonomia

The dot-winged antwren is the only member of genus Microrhopias, which was erected by the English zoologist Philip Sclater in 1862. It has these 10 subspecies:<p>Several authors have suggested that some of the subspecies deserve recognition as species due to differences in plumage, voice, and habitat associations. The Clements taxonomy groups M. q. boucardi, M. q. virgatus, and M. q. consobrina as "Boucard's" dot-winged antwren. It also groups M. q. intercedens and M. q. albicauda as the "white-tailed" dot-winged antwren.

Nome scientifico

Microrhopias quixensis

Autorità

(Cornalia, 1849)

Ordine

Passeriformi

Famiglia

Thamnophilidae

Genere

Microrhopias

Areale e habitat

The subspecies of the dot-winged antwren are found thus:<p>The dot-winged antwren inhabits somewhat different landscapes across its extremely large range. In general they are tropical evergreen and secondary forest heavily vegetated with vine tangles; the species favors edges and gaps but mostly not the interior of continuous forest. In northern Central America its habitat includes low semi-deciduous forest and some rainforest. In southern Central America it adds shaded cacao and guava plantations. In Ecuador and western Amazonia the species often favors stands of bamboo and várzea forest. In Mato Grosso subspecies M. q. bicolor most often occurs in gaps within terra firme forest. Subspecies M. q. emiliae is mostly associated with stands of Guadua bamboo.

Migrazione

Resident species

Comportamento

The dot-winged antwren is thought to be a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The dot-winged antwren feeds almost entirely on arthropods. It seldom forages by itself, but usually in pairs or small family groups. It often joins mixed-species feeding flocks that pass through its territory but does not travel with them. It typically forages between about 3 and 10 m (10 and 35 ft) above the ground but will feed higher. It rarely attends army ant swarms but then will take prey from near and on the ground. It forages very actively, flutter-flying, hopping, and hitching up, along, and between trunks and branches. It gleans prey from live vegetation, stems, and vines while reaching, hanging, jumping up, or hovering to capture it.<p>The dot-winged antwren's breeding season is well known only in Mexico, where it spans May to July, in Costa Rica (January to August), and in Panama (February to July). It is probably February to September in Suriname, apparently concludes in March to April in French Guiana, and is not known elsewhere. Its nest is a deep pouch of partially decayed leaves, fastened together and to a branch fork with cobwebs and plant fibers, and lined with plant fibers. It is typically between 4 and 7 m (15 and 25 ft) above the ground and hidden in foliage. The clutch size is two eggs. Both sexes contribute to nest building, incubation, and provisioning nestlings. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known.<p>The dot-winged antwren's song varies among the subspecies and sexes but is generally "an accelerating series of notes that shorten in length". It is described as a "slightly accelerating tip-tip-Tip-Tip-Tip-Tip-Tip-Tip-teu-teu-teu-teu'teu" in northern Central America and "a series of high, fast notes, which rise initially in pitch and intensity before descending" in Costa Rica. In Ecuador it sings "an accelerating and descending series of 5-10 semimusical whistled notes, e.g. 'wee, tsee-tsi-tsi-tis-tu-tu' ". Different populations in Brazil sing a "very high, sharp 'tu-Twée-Twée-tdrrr' (second part much higher and louder" or a "very high, loud, 'tutweetwee-tdrrrrr', 1st part slow and descending, followed by rattling 2nd part, which is longer and higher". Its calls include "a short, sharp, mostly downslurred note, often repeated over and over...[a] downslurred whine, downslurred complex, raspy call, and jumble of 'chip' and 'seet' notes".

Conservazione

Tendenza della popolazione

declining