Saltimpalo

Identificazione

The stonechat is 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) long and weighs 13–17 g (0.46–0.60 oz), slightly smaller than the European robin. Both sexes have distinctively short wings, shorter than those of the more migratory whinchat and Siberian stonechat. The summer male has black upperparts, a black head, an orange throat and breast, and a white belly and vent. It also has a white half-collar on the sides of its neck, a small white scapular patch on the wings, and a very small white patch on the rump often streaked with black. The female has brown upperparts and head, and no white neck patches, rump or belly, these areas being streaked dark brown on paler brown, the only white being the scapular patch on the wings and even this often being buffy-white.<p>The two subspecies differ in colour intensity following Gloger's rule, with S. r. rubicola paler and with larger white patches in the drier European continental and mediterranean climates, and S. r. hibernans darker brown with less white in the humid Atlantic oceanic climate. They intergrade broadly where their ranges meet, from southeastern England south through France and Spain, and many individuals are not identifiable to subspecies. Extreme examples of S. r. rubicola from the driest southern areas of its range such as the Algarve and Sicily are particularly pale and with a large white rump, and can be very similar to Siberian stonechats in appearance. nDNA microsatellite fingerprinting reveals a very small degree of separation between the two subspecies.<p>The male's song is high and twittering like a dunnock. Both sexes have a clicking call like stones knocking together.

Tassonomia

The European stonechat was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Motacilla rubicola. This species is now placed in the genus Saxicola that was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802. The English name derives from its call, sounding like two stones knocked together. The scientific name Saxicola means "rock-dweller", from Latin saxum meaning "a rock" and incola meaning "dwelling in". The specific epithet combines the Latin rubus meaning "brambles" with incola. The subspecies name hibernans refers to Ireland (Latin, Hibernia).<p>In the past, the European stonechat was generally considered conspecific with the Siberian stonechat and African stonechat, lumped together as common stonechat S. torquatus. A 2002 study using mtDNA cytochrome b sequences and nuclear DNA microsatellite fingerprinting evidence strongly supported their separation into distinct species. Due to a misunderstanding of the rules of Zoological nomenclature, for a short time the name S. torquatus was erroneously used for the European stonechat rather than the African stonechat.<p>Together with the Siberian stonechat and Canary Islands stonechat, the European stonechat constitutes eastern and western representatives of a Eurasian lineage; the Asian and European populations separated during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, roughly 1.5–2.5 mya, and Fuerteventura was colonised by western European or northwest African birds somewhat later in the Early Pleistocene, about 1–2 mya.<p>Two weakly defined subspecies are currently recognised:

Nome scientifico

Saxicola rubicola

Autorità

(Linnaeus, 1766)

Ordine

Passeriformi

Famiglia

Muscicapidae

Genere

Saxicola

Areale e habitat

European stonechats breed in heathland, coastal dunes and rough grassland with scattered small shrubs and bramble, open gorse, tussocks or heather. They are short-distance migrants or non-migratory, with part of the population (particularly from northeastern parts of the range, where winters are colder) moving south to winter further south in Europe and more widely in north Africa.

Comportamento

I saltimpali europei si riproducono per la prima volta a un anno di età. Sono monogami durante la stagione riproduttiva, ma non formano coppie per tutta la vita. Il nido è costruito interamente dalla femmina nella vegetazione fitta, vicino al terreno. È una coppa poco compatta di erba secca non intrecciata, rivestita di peli e piume. Le uova vengono deposte al mattino presto, a intervalli di un giorno. La covata comprende generalmente 4–6 uova, dall'azzurro pallido all'azzurro verdastro, con piccole macchie bruno-rossastre più numerose al polo maggiore. Un uovo misura mediamente 18,7 × 14,4 mm (0,74 × 0,57 pollici) e pesa 2,0 g (0,071 once). La femmina le cova per 13–14 giorni, iniziando dopo la deposizione dell'ultimo uovo. Entrambi i genitori accudiscono e nutrono i pulcini, mentre è la femmina a riscaldarli. I nidiacei si involano 12–16 giorni dopo la schiusa, ma continuano a essere nutriti da entrambi i genitori per altri 4–5 giorni. Poi la femmina inizia a costruire un nuovo nido, mentre il maschio continua a nutrire i giovani per altri 5–10 giorni. Vengono allevate due o tre covate per stagione.