Manachino codaspillo

Identificazione

Males measure 12.5 cm (4.9 in), while the females measure 11 cm (4.3 in) from tail to beak at full maturity. There is clear sexual dimorphism between mature adults of this species, but can be nearly impossible to identify the sex for certain if they do not have the adult male colorations, as both juvenile males and females resemble each other. All pin-tailed manakins share some common traits: a forking tail at the very end of their rectrices, a slightly elongated forehead, brownish black legs, and bright yellow-orange irises. Adult male pin-tailed manakins have a slightly longer tail, with a very uniquely pigmented red fore-crown and rump, black wings with green secondaries, and a white chest that extends from their under-tail coverts all the way to their auriculars. Females are an olive-green color everywhere except for their grey neck and auriculars, and their crème colored chest extending to its under-tail coverts <p>Vocalizations from this bird are often very quiet, but high-pitched. Their songs sound like “see-see-see” in descending tones, with an average anywhere from 3-8 “see” sounds. Many local birdwatchers are fond of this bird, despite it not being particularly rare, because it is difficult to track in the forest through its songs.

Tassonomia

The pin-tailed manakin is a monotypic species within the genus Ilicura, with no known subspecies. This bird was first named in 1850, without indication of etymology, by a German zoologist named Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach on in a work titled “Avium Systema Naturale”. Its protonym is Pipra militaris. The common name pin-tail manakin in English is based on its tail shape. The first part of its scientific name, Ilicura militaris, stems from the root “ilex” or “ilicis”, referring to the botanical species (Ilex aquifolium) of which the tail feathers’ pointed central veins resemble the thorns of the leaves, and the Greek root “oura” meaning tail. The second part of the scientific name, militaris, comes from the Latin roots mille, milia, millia, or militaris, referring to thousands or a large quantity. It may also come from the Latin root "militar", giving distinction to the pointed tail's appearance. In Brazil, the common name is Tangarazinho, but is also known as saira-ilicuria, “cracker”, and the rainbow tangara in some regions of Santa Catarina. The relationship between the pin-tailed manakin and the rest of its closest relatives within the family Pipridae is relatively unknown, although there is strong correlation between certain aspects of their courtship displays.

Nome scientifico

Ilicura militaris

Autorità

(Shaw, 1809)

Ordine

Passeriformi

Famiglia

Pipridae

Genere

Ilicura

Areale e habitat

The pin-tailed manakin is endemic to Brazil, specifically inhabiting the Atlantic Forest range from the State of Bahia to the State of Rio Grande Do Sul. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. They are not very commonly spotted within their range, but spend their time within the lower and middle strata of the rainforests. Their nests are built very similar to a cup, and holds a clutch of 2 to 3 eggs. Their distribution has not been studied in depth, and as a result there is not a firm grasp of where their populations may inhabit. Three pin-tailed manakins have been collected by the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro that has their location of collection tagged as Nova Veneza, which is more inland and Northern than previously recorded, providing evidence for a possible extension of their range.

Migrazione

Resident species

Comportamento

They feed mostly on small berries, but have been documented eating a few small insects as well. Like most manakins in the family Pipridae, they swallow their food whole. Most feeding observations of this bird have been located on the edges of forests, eating off of small fruit trees and shrubs. The fruits that it has been recorded eating most commonly are of the yellow magnolia (michelia champaca) and the ripe fruits of the chickweed plant (struthanthus polyrhysus). Food is plucked from the air in diving and snatching motions—they do not typically spend time on the plant picking berries to eat.<p>It is believed that the pin-tailed manakin is a solitary species, especially during the breeding season, in which the males create special arenas to display for females. The male pin-tailed manakin creates whirring and snapping noises from its wings during displays in flight. Males will hold an area of approximately 20 to 30 meters across, with a display site called a “lek” and a mating perch in the area. These territories are separate from any other male's territory, but within earshot of one another. The males will “garden” an area they would like to display at, by picking and pulling leaves, debris, and any other vegetation that has grown in the area until the ground is completely clear. They will also clear the space above their mating perch that obstruct the light, presumably to make their feathers appear more vibrant or make room for their display jumps and flights. Unlike any other species of manakin, the pin-tailed manakin's mating perch is not on the ground. The perch is approximately 3.3–20 meters above the ground, and the females are drawn to the male's display site by the male's frequently repeated, “see” calls that descend in volume and pitch throughout the day. Once a female is in the area, the male will draw her to his mating perch and jump back and forth over her, sometimes making a snapping noise in the air, and fluffing out the vibrant red rump with his chin down when he lands facing her. After the snapping sound in the air, it is typically followed by a special “weep” sound. Young males will also visit other male's display sites before they have their definitive plumage to practice their own displays and dances.

Conservazione

Tendenza della popolazione

declining