Tétras lyre
Lyrurus tetrix
Le mâle est distinctif, avec une longue queue en forme de lyre et des couvertures sous-caudales blanches ; montre une barre alaire blanche en vol. La femelle est brun chaud avec de lourdes barres sombres ; à comparer au Lagopède des saules plus petit et plus roux (connu en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande sous le nom de “Red Grouse”), qui présente une queue uniformément sombre en vol. Au début du printemps, les mâles se rassemblent à l'aube pour parader, éventant leurs queues profondément fourchues et gonflant leurs couvertures sous-caudales blanches tout en émettant un cri grave et roulant. L'habitat varie selon l'aire de répartition, mais il privilégie généralement les forêts plus ouvertes et les lisières forestières, ainsi que les steppes d'altitude, les landes et les tourbières. Dans les parties sud de son aire, comme les Alpes, il préfère les forêts plus denses avec des peuplements de conifères.
Taxonomie
The black grouse was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tetrao tetrix. Both Tetrao and tetrix come from Ancient Greek words referring to some form of game bird. The black grouse is now placed in the genus Lyrurus that was introduced in 1832 by the English naturalist William John Swainson.<p>The male and female are sometimes referred to by their folk names, blackcock and greyhen, respectively. These names first occur in the literature with John Ray in 1674. Heathcock and Heathhen are also common names.<p>The black grouse has six recognized subspecies. Black grouse populations differ slightly in size and coloration, with birds increasing in size further east of their range:
- Nom scientifique
- Lyrurus tetrix
- Autorité
- (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Ordre
- Galliformes
- Famille
- Phasianidae
- Genre
- Lyrurus
Répartition et habitat
Black grouse can be found on open habitats across Europe (Swiss-Italian-French Alps especially) from Great Britain through Scandinavia, Estonia and across Russia. Although believed to once to live in Ireland, it now no longer resides there. In Eastern Europe they can be found in Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Romania and Ukraine. There is a population in the Alps, and isolated remnants in Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. It formerly occurred in Denmark, but the Danish Ornithological Society (DOF) has considered it extinct since 2001. The species disappeared from Bulgaria in the 19th century. In Asia, a huge portion of their population can be found in Russia (particularly southern Siberia), though they also inhabit parts of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and possibly Korea.<p>Black grouse are adapted to an extensive array of habitats across Eurasia, though most frequently utilize the transitionary zones between forests and open clearings, especially steppe, heathland, grassland and pasture when near agricultural fields. Depending on the season, they will overwinter in large flocks in dense forests, and feed primarily on the leaves and buds of coniferous and broadleaf trees, such as Scots pine, Siberian larch, silver birch, and Eurasian aspen. Throughout the spring and summer, they tend to favor open spaces to seek potential mates and raise broods, switching their diet to berries, shoots and stems of cranberries, bog bilberries, myrtleberries, and other Vaccinium shrubs. They avoid the most extreme of desert and polar regions.
- Migration
- Resident species
Conservation
Although this species has declined throughout most of its range in western Europe, it is not considered to be vulnerable globally due to the large population (global estimate is 15–40 million individuals) and slow rate of decline. Its decline is due to loss of habitat, disturbance, predation by foxes, crows, etc., and small populations gradually dying out.[citation needed]<p>The IUCN implemented a Black Grouse Action Plan 2007–2010. This has looked at local populations that are vulnerable to the extinction vortex. For example, in Styria, Austria.[citation needed]<p>In the United Kingdom black grouse are found in upland areas of Wales, the Pennines and most of Scotland. Best looked for on farmland and moorland with nearby forestry or scattered trees. They have traditional lek sites where the males display.[citation needed]<p>They have declined in some parts of the UK (especially England), having disappeared from many of their former haunts. They are now extirpated in Lancashire, Derbyshire, Exmoor, East Yorkshire, New Forest, Nottinghamshire, Worcestershire, Quantock Hills, Cornwall, Dartmoor, Kent, Wiltshire and Surrey.[citation needed]<p>A programme to re-introduce black grouse into the wild started in 2003 in the Upper Derwent Valley area of the Peak District in England. 30 grouse were released in October 2003, followed by 10 male grouse in December 2004 and a further 10 males and 10 females in April 2005. The programme is being run jointly by the National Trust, Severn Trent Water and Peak District National Park.[citation needed]<p>Conservation groups helping to revive the black grouse include the RSPB and the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust.[citation needed]<p>In France there has been much work regarding the birds and their risk of flying into ski-lifts.<p>From 1950 to 2000, local black grouse populations have steadily diminished in Manchuria and northeastern China by about 39%, with birds being most affected (and possibly extirpated) in the Jilin Province. Though the exact causes for local declines remain largely unclear, habitat loss and excess hunting have played a part in the overall reduction. Shifts in their location, however can happen concurrently with the depletion over decades, so short-term research projects may not provide much proof of driving forces behind population alterations.<p>Based on historical info gathered from various sources (including wildlife surveys and scientific papers), aspen, birch, and poplar make up the black grouse's staple diet and habitat. The climate and precipitation during the month of June is also linked to the breeding success of black grouse.
- Tendance de la population
- declining
Photos
Distribution
Chants d'Oiseaux
Autres Oiseaux
Garrulaxe de Millet
Garrulax milleti
Garrulaxe brun d'apparence unique avec un capuchon noir d'encre, un collier blanc contrastant et un large croissant pâle derrière l'œil. Sociables et loquaces, les groupes émettent des cris bruyants, cacardants, râpeux et claquants lorsqu'ils se déplacent dans les niveaux inférieurs et moyens d'une forêt, souvent avec d'autres espèces. Il habite les forêts de collines et de montagnes.
Prinia à poitrine grise
Prinia hodgsonii
Une petite prinia à queue relativement courte avec un bec fin noir. Généralement trouvée dans les forêts arbustives et le sous-bois le long des lisières et des clairières forestières. Les oiseaux en plumage nuptial ont une bande pectorale grise distinctive, des parties supérieures grises et pas de sourcil. Les oiseaux en plumage internuptial n'ont pas de bande pectorale complète et ont un sourcil court. Un oiseau actif qui se trouve souvent en bandes. Il émet une grande variété de sons, y compris des chants bourdonnants qu'il chante depuis des perchoirs élevés et exposés. Les oiseaux en plumage internuptial sont similaires à la Prinia roussâtre, mais les Prinia à poitrine grise ont un sourcil plus court, plus de contraste entre la gorge pâle et la poitrine plus foncée, et un cri différent.
Échenilleur des Andaman
Coracina dobsoni
Un échenilleur trapu de taille moyenne avec un bec lourd et sombre. Similaire à l'Échenilleur géant, mais l'Échenilleur des Andaman est légèrement plus petit, plus mince et gris plus foncé sur les parties supérieures ; il est dépourvu de pointes blanches à la queue ; et il présente un fort barré sur toutes les parties inférieures. Il habite les forêts denses, où il est peu commun et se tient dans la haute canopée.
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