Cinclode excelsior

Identification

The long-tailed cinclodes is 20 to 22 cm (7.9 to 8.7 in) long and weighs 43 to 55 g (1.5 to 1.9 oz). It is a large cinclodes with a fairly long and straight bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a wide, distinct, white supercilium that narrows past the eye and a dark band through the eye that widens over the ear coverts. Their upperparts are grayish brown with their crown slightly darker than the back. Their wing has two wide but indistinct cinnamon-buff bars and a wider band. Their tail is dark brown with buff or ochraceous tips on the outer feathers. Their throat is white and contrasts with the rest of their underparts, which are pale yellowish buffy-brown. Their iris is brown, their bill black whose mandible sometimes has a pale base, and their legs and feet gray to black. Subspecies C. p. espinhacensis is slightly smaller and lighter than the nominate and has lighter underparts and much darker upperparts.

Taxonomie

The long-tailed cinclodes is basal to the genus Cinclodes and is not very closely related to other species of the genus. It has two subspecies, the nominate C. p. pabsti (Sick, 1969) and C. p. espinhacensis (Freitas, Chaves, Costa, Santos, FR &amp; Rodrigues, 2012). The second was described as a full species but differs little genetically and morphologically from the nominate.<p>The long-tailed cinclodes' specific epithet commemorates the Brazilian botanist Guido Frederico João Pabst.[citation needed]

Nom scientifique

Cinclodes pabsti

Autorité

Sick, 1969

Ordre

Passériformes

Famille

Furnariidés

Genre

Cinclodes

Répartition et habitat

The nominate subspecies of the long-tailed cinclodes is found in extreme southeastern Brazil between southeastern Santa Catarina and northeastern Rio Grande do Sul. It inhabits open landscapes such as temperate grasslands, pastures, and agricultural land. It usually occurs near water The landscapes are often rocky or near houses. In elevation it occurs between 750 and 1,700 m (2,500 and 5,600 ft). Subspecies C. p. espinhacensis is found only in a small part of Serra do Espinhaço in Minas Gerais. It inhabits campos rupestres, a montane savanna landscape with a patchwork of rock outcrops and open fields. It is known to occur between about 1,100 and 1,500 m (3,600 and 4,900 ft) of elevation.

Migration

Resident species

Comportement

The long-tailed cinclodes is a year-round resident in both its ranges.<p>The long-tailed cinclodes feeds on arthropods and is thought to eat other invertebrates as well. It typically forages alone or in pairs. It is terrestrial, gleaning it prey from the ground, grass, and the edge of watercourses. Subspecies C. p. espinhacensis forages on rock outcrops in addition to open fields.<p>The long-tailed cinclodes breeds in the austral spring and summer. It is thought to be monogamous. It makes a nest of grass and feathers in a rock crevice or a tunnel it excavates in a rocky soil bank; it has been known to nest in a hole in a house. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.<p>The song of the long-tailed cinclodes' nominate subspecies is a "very high, short, sharp, crescendoing rattle/trill" that is sung from a perch or in flight. Its call is "a descending 'tseeoo' ". The song of C. p. espinhacensis is a "series of notes of which duration, energy, frequency and frequency range first increase gradually and then decrease again, with overall pace increasing steadily towards end" and its call is "generally rather similar to that of nominate but longer".

Conservation

Tendance de la population

declining