Hutton's Shearwater

Identification

The bird's name commemorates Frederick Hutton, a former curator of the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, New Zealand. A medium-sized (350 g) seabird, with a 75 cm wingspan, it is brown with a white underbelly and brown collar, dark borders to the underwing, dark grey bill, and pinkish dark-webbed feet; it can be distinguished from fluttering shearwater by its dark grey "armpits". At a breeding colony it has a loud cackling call.

Taxonomy

Scientific name

Puffinus huttoni

Authority

Mathews, 1912

Order

Procellariiformes

Family

Procellariidae

Genus

Puffinus

Range and habitat

. <p>These birds live entirely at sea except when breeding. During the September–March (spring and summer) breeding season, adults migrate to New Zealand waters; there have been individual sightings around the entire New Zealand coast, but most birds are feeding off the eastern South Island, especially between Cook Strait and Banks Peninsula. Large flocks can be seen off the Kaikōura coast during summer. Outside the breeding season, they are mostly found in Australian waters. Geo-locators fitted on young birds revealed some circumnavigate Australia in an anti-clockwise direction in the 4–5 years leading up to sexual maturity.

Breeding range

PO : montane ne South I. (New Zealand)

Non-breeding range

to nw Australian waters

Migration

Complete migrants

Behavior

Hutton's shearwater feeds in the open ocean largely on small fish and krill, diving up to 20 m. Puffinus huttoni have long bills, which are adapted to catch prey more or less underwater by plunging from a few metres above the surface or by paddling slowly forwards searching with their head submerged, then diving using partly opened wings for propulsion.

Conservation

The eight breeding colonies discovered in 1964 have been reduced to two, known now as the Kowhai Valley and Shearwater Stream Important Bird Area; the other lower-altitude colonies were destroyed by feral introduced pigs. The breeding birds' main predators are introduced stoats, which kill about 0.25% of adults and 12% of chicks each year in their nesting burrows. The overall growth rate is still positive, though, so stoats are not considered a major threat.<p>Some parts of the colonies are in steep, unstable sites. The browsing of deer, goats, and pigs in these steep areas has contributed to erosion, which has damaged the Hutton's shearwater burrows and the population. However, control of pigs has led to better vegetation cover at the colonies and lessened destruction of burrows.<p>The 2016 Kaikōura earthquake caused landslides in the largest remaining breeding colony at Kowhai Valley, and occurred during the breeding season. Initial reports indicated a loss of half of the colony. Subsequent work in 2017 indicated the loss was 20-30% of breeding burrows, but that there was a lot of bird activity observed in the nesting areas.<p>As at 2017, the estimated population size is 600,000 individuals, including 150,000 breeding pairs. Current estimates suggest that earlier studies significantly under-reported the population. However, both of the remaining breeding colonies are vulnerable to predators or erosion.<p>As a further conservation measure, in 2005 a new colony (Te Rae o Atiu) was established on the Kaikōura Peninsula. First, a small transfer of 10 nestlings was sent in April 2005. After that, roughly 100 additional nestlings were moved annually each March in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012 and 2013. Chicks translocated from the Kowhai colony were hand-fed in artificial burrows to ensure they would imprint on the new colony, and since 2010 have been returning there to breed. A predator-proof fence was built around the 2 hectares (4.9 acres) site in February 2010 by the Hutton's Shearwater Charitable Trust.<p>Hutton's shearwaters are nocturnal, and can be disoriented by bright lights at night. This has led to problems with adult and newly-fledged birds crash-landing in the streets of Kaikōura at night. During the season when the fledgling birds leave their mountain burrows, volunteers in Kaikōura patrol the streets, looking for birds that have crash-landed on roads in the town. The young birds are usually unable to take off again, making them vulnerable to being run over by vehicles or succumbing to predation by dogs or cats. In 2015, over two successive nights, there were 200 birds found crash-landed in the town. A new facility, the Hutton's Hub, was opened in 2016 adjacent to the Department of Conservation office, as a place for the community to bring in crash-landed birds. Any birds that can be rescued are taken to a rehabilitation centre for later release at sea. The community volunteer programme results in around 80% of the crash-landed birds being successfully released.<p>A new initiative has been launched to apply for recognition as an international dark sky reserve in the Kaikōura area. This could reduce the problems that lighting causes for Hutton's shearwaters. The Kaikōura District Council has already modified streetlighting, to reduce the risk to the birds. In April 2022, the Mayor of Kaikōura said that the dark sky reserve initiative had the full support of the council, and would be a boost to tourist numbers, especially during the winter period.

Population trend

stable