Sombre Hummingbird
Eupetomena cirrochloris
A quite drab hummingbird with a slightly curved bill. Frequently encountered at the forest edge, in light woodlands, grasslands, and plantations. Also visits feeders and gardens. Quite pallid overall with a greenish back and uniformly gray below. The white spot behind the eye is a useful field mark. Both sexes are similar.
Identification
The sombre hummingbird is about 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weighs about 7.1 to 9 g (0.25 to 0.32 oz). The sexes are assentially the same though the female is slightly smaller than the male. They have a slightly decurved black bill. Their upperparts are bronzy green to blackish bronzy green with a coppery sheen to the uppertail coverts. Their underparts are dull gray with a few dull green spots on the throat. Their tail is square; its central feathers are shiny green and the rest black with a bronzy gloss.
Taxonomy
The sombre hummingbird was formerly placed in the genus Aphantochroa which was itself sometimes merged into Campylopterus. Based primarily on a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014, Aphantochroa was merged by most taxonomic systems into Eupetomena. However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World retains it in Aphantochroa.<p>The sombre hummingbird is monotypic.
- Scientific name
- Eupetomena cirrochloris
- Authority
- (Vieillot, 1818)
- Order
- Apodiformes
- Family
- Trochilidae
- Genus
- Eupetomena
Range and habitat
The sombre hummingbird is found in eastern Brazil from Pernambuco south into Rio Grande do Sul and west as far as Mato Grosso. It inhabits the edges and understory of humid primary and secondary forest, plantations, and gardens. The core of its habitat is the Atlantic Forest but it also occurs in the transition zone between cerrado and caatinga biomes.
- Migration
- Resident species
Behavior
The sombre hummingbird is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The sombre hummingbird forages for nectar at a variety of flowering plants including introduced Eucalyptus. It does so from the understory to as high as 30 m (100 ft) above the ground. It is highly territorial and spends half its time aggressively defending flower patches from hummingbirds of its own and other species. In addition to nectar it feeds on arthropods captured by hawking from a perch.<p>The sombre hummingbird's breeding season extends from November to March. It builds a cup nest of soft plant material with large lichen pieces on the outside. It typically places it like a saddle on a horizontal branch. The female incubates the clutch of two eggs for 15 to 16 days and fledging occurs about 28 days after hatch.<p>The somber hummingbird's song is "a high-pitched 'tchui-ui', often repeated and sometimes doubled". It is typically sung at dawn and often during agonistic encounters. It gives at least six distinct calls described as "chirp", "guttural", "vibrato", "whistle", "crack", and "high-pitch".
Conservation
- Population trend
- unknown
Photos
Distribution
Bird Calls
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