White-crowned Tapaculo
Scytalopus atratus
A standard Scytalopus tapaculo: plain blackish (darker than many other tapaculos) with browner flanks and rump. Distinctive white crown can be difficult to see. Acts like a mouse, scurrying around on or near the ground within montane forest. Very difficult to see. Occurs in the Andes from Venezuela to Peru, from around 900-1,800m. Far more often heard than seen. Listen for its rapid series of froglike notes.
Identification
The white-crowned tapaculo is 12 cm (4.7 in) long. Males weigh 24.6 to 32.5 g (0.87 to 1.15 oz) and one female weighed 25.3 g (0.89 oz). The male of the nominate subspecies is mostly blackish above and slightly lighter below. The flanks and vent are reddish brown and have black bars. It has a white patch on the crown of the head. The female is paler than the male and washed with brown above and is more reddish on the flanks. The juvenile is rust colored with heavy barring. The male S. a. nigricans is darker than the nominate and the female is gray underneath. The male S. a. confusus is paler than the nominate (slaty black) with a brownish lower back. The reddish brown on the flanks and vent, however, covers more area and has heavier barring.
Taxonomy
The white-crowned tapaculo was formerly considered a subspecies of rufous-vented tapaculo (Scytalopus femoralis) but was separated based principally on differences in their vocalizations. <p>Three subspecies of northern white-crowned tapaculo are recognized, the nominate Scytalopus atratus atratus, S. a. nigricans, and S. a. confusus. However, the vocalizations of birds of the eastern Andes (S. a. atratus in part) differ from those in the west, "suggesting that [they] are a separate species".
- Scientific name
- Scytalopus atratus
- Authority
- Hellmayr, 1922
- Order
- Passeriformes
- Family
- Rhinocryptidae
- Genus
- Scytalopus
Range and habitat
The white-crowned tapaculo is found from western Venezuela to central Peru. Subspecies S. a. nigricans is found only in Venezuela, in Sierra de Perijá and the southern slope of the Andes in Táchira and Mérida states. S. a. confusus is found in the central and western Andes of Colombia. S. a. atratus is the most widespread. As it is currently defined, it ranges from the eastern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador to the central Andes of Peru as far south as the Department of Cuzco.<p>The white-crowned tapaculo inhabits the undergrowth in the interior and edges of humid montane forest. It ranges in elevation from 850 to 1,900 m (2,790 to 6,230 ft).
- Migration
- Resident species
Behavior
The white-crowned tapaculo forages on and near the ground for insects.<p>Almost nothing is known about the white-crowned tapaculo's breeding phenology. A juvenile was collected in January and an adult with enlarged gonads in November, both in Ecuador. The species is known to be territorial year round.<p>The songs of different populations of white-crowned tapaculos are highly variable. Some examples include this from near Bogotá, Colombia [1], this from near La Florida, Department of Amazonas, Peru [2], and this from Mérida, Venezuela [3].
Conservation
- Population trend
- stable
Photos
Distribution
Bird Calls
Other Birds
American Dipper
Cinclus mexicanus
Unmistakable plump passerine. Slaty-gray overall with a browner head. Juveniles are slightly paler below than adults. Forages for invertebrates by walking underwater. Inhabits fast-moving rocky streams in western North America, from Alaska to Panama. Often nests under bridges. Unique shape, behavior, and strict habitat preferences make American Dipper unlikely to be confused with any other species.
Bismarck Honeyeater
Vosea whitemanensis
A relatively distinctive honeyeater, olive-brown overall with a darker cast to the face and obvious pale bare skin surrounding and extending slightly behind the eye. Bill is long and conspicuously downturned. Found in primary montane forest, forest edge, and occasionally gardens above 900 meters of elevation. Voice is reportedly a sequence of 3-8 soft whistled 2-syllabled notes, but little known.
Red-headed Fody
Foudia eminentissima
A sparrow-like weaver. Red-hooded breeding males are distinctive, but females and non-breeding males are drab. A Comoros endemic that is found in and adjacent to humid forest on the western three islands, and in drier, scrubby lowland habitats on Mayotte. Plumage varies across the different islands. The most distinctive birds, on Grand Comoro, have much less red on the breast than other populations. Can be very similar to Red Fody. Breeding male Red-headed Fody lacks red on the back and belly, though molting male Red Fody can match this pattern. Females and non-breeding males very similar to Red Fody, but Red-headed Fody is larger, darker, and more greenish, with a longer, slightly curved bill. Also similar to female House Sparrow, but distinguished by the more olive-green coloration and the longer bill. Calls are high, silvery notes, given in long series as a song.
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