Golden-bellied Starfrontlet
Coeligena bonapartei
Large, long-billed hummingbird restricted to the eastern Andes of Colombia, where it inhabits high elevation cloud forest. Both sexes are clad in iridescent green and gold plumage. Similar to Blue-throated Starfrontlet; male is distinguished by his golden (not purple) belly; female lacks violet on flanks and has a bronzy (not bluish) rump. Prefers long, tubular flowers where often seen feeding nearly vertically, and occasionally visits feeders. Birds from the Perijá Mountains and the Venezuelan Andes are now considered to be separate species, Perija Starfrontlet and Merida Starfrontlet respectively.
Identification
The golden-bellied starfrontlet is about 10.9 cm (4.3 in) long including its 3.0 cm (1.2 in) bill. Males weigh an average of 6.6 g (0.23 oz) and females 6.4 g (0.23 oz). Both sexes have a white spot behind the eye. Males have a blackish crown with a glittering green forehead. Their upper back is shining dark green that transitions through greenish copper to the golden orange rump. The throat and breast are glittering green and the throat has a small violet patch. The rest of the underparts are variable, from glittering copper to reddish gold. The slightly forked tail is golden bronzy green. The female's forehead is plain green; the rest of the upperparts are colored like the male's but are duller. The throat is plain buff and has green spots on its sides. The breast is mottled buff and green. The rest of the underparts are mostly cinnamon with a reddish gold belly and a coppery gold vent area. The tail feathers are bronze and sometimes have buff tips.
Taxonomy
The golden-bellied starfrontlet and most other members of genus Coeligena were at one time placed in genus Helianthea but have been in their current placement since the mid-1900s.<p>The International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the Clements taxonomy, and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World recognize the golden-bellied starfrontlet as a monotypic species separate from the Perija starfrontlet (C. consita) and golden-tailed starfrontlet (C. eso). The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society treats those three as subspecies of the golden-bellied starfrontlet sensu lato but is seeking proposals to elevate all three to species status.<p>The golden-bellied starfrontlet's specific epithet commemorates Charles Lucien Bonaparte.
- Scientific name
- Coeligena bonapartei
- Authority
- (Boissonneau, 1840)
- Order
- Apodiformes
- Family
- Trochilidae
- Genus
- Coeligena
Range and habitat
The golden-bellied starfrontlet is found in the Eastern Andes of Colombia between Boyacá Department and the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá.<p>The species primarily inhabits the interior and edges of humid montane forest. It also occurs in dwarf forest and more open landscapes with scattered vegetation. In elevation it ranges from 1,400 to 3,200 m (4,600 to 10,500 ft).
- Migration
- Resident species
Behavior
The golden-bellied starfrontlet is a year-round resident.<p>The golden-bellied starfrontlet gathers nectar from tubular flowers, usually at low to medium heights. It primarily feeds by trap-lining, visiting a circuit of flowering plants. In addition to feeding on nectar it captures small arthropods by gleaning from foliage, hovering, and by hawking.<p>The golden-bellied starfrontlet's breeding season is not known in detail but appears to span from January to possibly July. Its nest, eggs, incubation length, and time to fledging have not been described.<p>Few recordings of the golden-bellied starfrontlet are available. Its vocalizations are known to include "a short twitter and a more complex chatter that rises and falls in pitch."
Conservation
- Population trend
- stable
Photos
Distribution
Bird Calls
Other Birds
Mountain Trogon
Trogon mexicanus
Fairly large trogon of pine and pine-oak forests in highlands; usually at upper levels in trees and often rather shy. Male is striking, with big, bold white squares on underside of tail. Female has broken white eyering on brown head and coarse black-and-white pattern under the tail. Elegant Trogon overlaps in range and can be told from Mountain by the coppery color on the top of the tail (male) or by the white stripe behind the eye (female). Also note the finely patterned tail on both male and female Elegant Trogons. The similar but smaller Collared Trogon is found mainly at lower elevation and has much finer barring on the underside of the tail.
Pale-edged Flycatcher
Myiarchus cephalotes
Medium-sized, dull flycatcher without many distinguishing features; typical of the genus Myiarchus. This species is found from around 1100-2400m in Andean cloud forest and edges from Venezuela to Bolivia, higher than most other similar species. Generally brownish above with pale whitish throat and upper breast fading to pale lemon-yellow belly. Note pale yellowish edges to outer tail feathers. Singles or pairs usually found at lower or middle levels, but can range into canopy. Listen for ‘pip’ calls and full song with descending “weer” notes.
Green Shrike-Vireo
Vireolanius pulchellus
Chunky, sluggish green bird of humid evergreen forest in tropical foothills and lowlands. Rarely seen, but often heard singing monotonously from the canopy. Forages mainly at middle to upper levels, at times with mixed-species feeding flocks. Plumage is bright green overall, blending well with the foliage. Note the yellow throat and stout gray bill; turquoise-blue crown usually not visible from below. Similar Blue-crowned Chlorophonia has brighter yellow belly and stubbier bill.
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