Rufous Spinetail
Synallaxis unirufa
Plain rufous bird with dark lores and long spiky tail. Sexes alike. Uncommon in the upper subtropics and temperate zone, mostly from 2,000–3,200 m. Could be confused with Rufous Wren but smaller and shier with spiky tail and plain unbarred wings. Pairs or small family groups are found low to the ground, often around patches of bamboo, where they can be tricky to see well. Listen for the single “pweep!” call.
Identification
The rufous spinetail is 16 to 18 cm (6.3 to 7.1 in) long and weighs 17 to 21 g (0.60 to 0.74 oz). It is one of the larger members of genus Synallaxis. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies S. u. unirufa are mostly bright reddish rufous. Their forehead is slightly paler and they have sooty blackish lores. Their throat feathers have black bases that are seldom visible. Their iris is dark brown to dark reddish brown, their bill black with sometimes a pale base to the mandible, and their legs and feet gray to dark gray. Juveniles have brown upperparts, sometimes an olivaceous tinge to the head, and paler underparts than adults.<p>Subspecies S. u. munoztebari of the rufous spinetail is paler than the nominate, with a faint buff supercilium and forehead and no black on the throat feathers. Subspecies S. u. meridana is paler than the nominate, with somewhat visible black bases to the throat feathers. S. u. ochrogaster has the palest underparts of all four subspecies, especially in the center of its belly.
Taxonomy
The rufous spinetail has these four subspecies:<p>For a period in the mid twentieth century the black-throated spinetail (S. castanea) was treated as another subspecies of the rufous spinetail; they are now known to be sister species. The rufous spinetail, black-throated spinetail, and rusty-headed spinetail (S. fuscorufa) were treated by some authors as a single species.
- Scientific name
- Synallaxis unirufa
- Authority
- Lafresnaye, 1843
- Order
- Passeriformes
- Family
- Furnariidae
- Genus
- Synallaxis
Range and habitat
The rufous spinetail has a disjunct distribution. The nominate subspecies is by far the most widely distributed. It is found in all three ranges of the Colombian Andes, on the west slope of Ecuador's Andes as far south as Cotopaxi Province, and on the east slope through Ecuador into extreme northern Peru north of the Marañón River. Subspecies S. u. munoztebari is found in the Serranía del Perijá that straddles the border between northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. S. u. meridana is found in the Andes of western Venezuela between Trujillo and Táchira and the far northwestern part of Colombia's Eastern Andes.S. u. ochrogaster is found in the Peruvian Andes south of the Marañón River between the departments of Amazonas and Cuzco.<p>The rufous spinetail inhabits montane evergreen forest, elfin forest, and the undergrowth and edges of cloudforest in the Andes' subtropical and temperate zones. It tends to prefer the forest undergrowth and favors stands of Chusquea bamboo. In elevation it overall mostly ranges between 1,700 and 3,700 m (5,600 and 12,100 ft) and is found locally as low as 1,200 m (3,900 ft). It has narrower elevational ranges of 2,000 and 3,300 m (6,600 and 10,800 ft) in Colombia and 2,200 and 3,200 m (7,200 and 10,500 ft) in Ecuador.
- Migration
- Resident species
Behavior
The rufous spinetail is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The rufous spinetail feeds on arthropods. It usually forages in pairs and occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It gleans prey from foliage and small branches in dense cover, usually up to about 2 m (7 ft) above the ground but occasionally as high as 4 m (13 ft).<p>The rufous spinetail's breeding season is unknown; the only data point is an observation of fledglings in April in Colombia. The species is thought to be monogamous but nothing else is known about its breeding biology.<p>The subspecies of the rufous spinetail have significantly different vocalizations, which hints that some of them may warrant full species status. "An in depth study is clearly required to gain a better understanding of the taxonomic relationships in this complex."<p>The details of the subspecies' vocalizations are:<p>All four subspecies repeat their primary (or only) song for long periods at intervals of about one to two seconds. The species sings at any time of day but mostly in the morning. It usually sings from dense cover.
Conservation
- Population trend
- stable
Photos
Distribution
Bird Calls
Other Birds
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Cecropis rufula
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Pterodroma phaeopygia
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Black-billed Mountain-Toucan
Andigena nigrirostris
Distinctive toucan of montane forests in the Andes from Venezuela to extreme northwest Peru. Easy to identify with black cap, dark bill, white throat, powder blue belly, and mostly brownish upperparts. Occurs from 1,500-2,500m, typically below the elevational range of Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucan but occasionally some overlap. Uncommon; usually found singly or in pairs in the forest canopy, often around fruiting trees.
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