Sulawesi Thrush
Turdus turdoides
A rather large olive-brown thrush with conspicuous orange-yellow legs and bill, a bold black brow, and an obvious yellow eye-ring. Juveniles are scaled below. Found in montane forest, foraging both on the ground and high in the understory, sometimes joining mixed-species flocks. Confined to Sulawesi, where distinguished from Geomalia and Island Thrush by presence of black brow and lack of rufous belly. Sulawesi Thrush is also shorter-tailed than Geomalia. Song is typical of thrushes: a rich, melodious, mournful song with fluty cadences. Also gives chattering calls and a high, weak “tsip.”
Identification
The Sulawesi thrush is a medium-sized species with a long beak, short rounded wings and robust legs. The head and upper parts are a dark olive brown and the underparts are somewhat paler, sometimes with a gingery or reddish tinge to the under-tail coverts. There is a distinctive black supercilium above the eye.
Taxonomy
The Sulawesi thrush was formally described in 1896 by the German orthithologist Ernst Hartert based on specimens collected at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) altitude and above near Bantaeng in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Hartert introduced a new genus Cataponera and coined the binomial name Cataponera turdoides. The taxonomic placement of this species remained uncertain since its description, with some authorities classifying it with the laughingthrushes (family Leiotrichidae), while others classified with the true thrushes (family Turdidae). Since the 2000s, it was generally placed in the monotypic genus Cataponera within the Turdidae, on morphological grounds. However, prior to a 2022 study, it was not yet placed phylogenetically. The study found the Sulawesi thrush to actually represent a highly divergent member of the genus Turdus, belonging in a clade comprising primarily migratory Palearctic thrushes, but with no close relatives. The International Ornithological Congress has followed the results of this study.
- Scientific name
- Turdus turdoides
- Authority
- (Hartert, EJO, 1896)
- Order
- Passeriformes
- Family
- Turdidae
- Genus
- Turdus
Range and habitat
The Sulawesi thrush is endemic to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Its habitat is evergreen montane forest and moss-forest and its altitudinal range lies between 1,100 and 2,400 m (3,600 and 7,900 ft). Four subspecies are recognised; T. t. abditiva from the northern part of the island; T. t. tenebrosa from the southern part; T. t. turdoides from southwestern Sulawesi and T. t. heinrichi from the southeast. It is not present in the central part of the island.
- Migration
- Resident species
Behavior
The Sulawesi thrush is a shy bird that is seldom seen and has been little studied. The diet consists of fruits and invertebrates and it forages in the middle and lower storeys of the canopy in evergreen montane forests, and on the ground beneath the trees. In behaviour and appearance it resembles thrushes in the genus Turdus, but it has other behaviours which are similar to those of the Old World babblers (Timaliidae), and the laughing thrushes (Garrulax).
Conservation
- Population trend
- declining
Photos
Distribution
Other Birds
Moorland Chat
Pinarochroa sordida
A small, drab, dumpy, long-legged, short-tailed chat of high-elevation habitats. The tail has a black-and-white “T” pattern that is conspicuous in flight. Found mostly at high elevations in montane grassland, in moorland, and on rocky slopes. Perches conspicuously on low perches and forages by hopping across the ground. Tail pattern is similar to a wheatear’s, but Moorland Chat is smaller and shorter-tailed. Somewhat similar to other drab brownish chats, but found in different habitats, and also distinguished by the tail pattern. Gives quiet chirps, ticks, and scratchy calls.
Chestnut-rumped Heathwren
Hylacola pyrrhopygia
Small bird of dense heath and shrubland in southeastern Australia. Pale brown above, whitish below, with distinct pale supercilium, red-brown rump, small white patch at the base of primaries, fine dark chest streaking, and long, cocked tail. Forages quietly on the ground or in thick vegetation, where difficult to see. Compare Shy Heathwren, which has a white wing spot, more black in wing, and darker legs.
Great Dusky Swift
Cypseloides senex
Large swift with uniform cold brown plumage with a pale face. Similar to Sooty Swift, but is larger and paler. Most often seen close to waterfalls where they roost and nest, often gathering in huge groups. Forages widely over a variety of habitats.
Start Your Bird Watching Journey
Identify a bird outdoors and keep the field guide close for your next observation.