Botteri's Sparrow

Chunky and short-tailed rainforest wattle-eye. Males are black-and-white, with a white collar all the way around the neck and a very broad black breast band. Females are mostly chestnut, with a white belly and mostly gray head. Both sexes have bluish-purple bare skin around the eyes. Found in the understory and middle levels of rainforest and gallery forest, at middle and low elevations. The vocalizations are highly variable but consist of repeated notes, which can be clear toots or frog-like sounds. 

A large gray-and-brown francolin with bare red skin on the throat and around the eyes. Also note the red bill, the dark gray legs, and the chestnut, buff, and black markings along the sides of the belly. Pale patches in the outer wings are conspicuous in flight. Found in fairly dry thorn savanna, woodland, and thickets, usually in pairs or small groups. Similar to Red-necked Francolin, but there is little overlap in range, and separated by the brown legs and many plumage details. Also similar to Yellow-necked Francolin, but easily separated by the red or sometimes orange (rather than yellow) throat. The call is a fading series of grating “kreaaak” notes. 

Australian crows and ravens are challenging to identify; concentrate on call, throat-hackles, behavior, and location. Calls usually fairly fast and lack the drawn-out wail typical of Australian Raven. Long throat hackles lend it a slightly bearded appearance. Often flicks wings when calling. Inhabits a broad area of southeastern Australia. The default crow/raven in Adelaide and Melbourne and forms very large flocks in high-elevation areas like the Australian Alps.