Lesser Crested Tern
Thalasseus bengalensis
Elegant medium-sized tern with a slender yellow-orange bill and black crown. Can be confused with Great Crested Tern; note proportionally longer, more orangey bill on Lesser Crested. Also note gray upperwing, which separates it from Sandwich Tern. Gray rump and tail are diagnostic if seen well. On juveniles, note dull legs, secondaries with dark centers, and a weakly patterned upperwing. Strictly coastal, usually found on beaches and estuaries. Call a noisy “kerrrick.”
Identification
Like all Thalasseus terns, lesser crested tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, usually from saline environments. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by Arctic tern. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.<p>This is a medium-large tern, very similar in size and general appearance to its three very close relatives Sandwich tern, Elegant tern and Chinese crested tern. The summer adult has a black cap, black legs and a long sharp orange bill. The upperwings, rump and central tail feathers are grey and the underparts white. The primary flight feathers darken during the summer. In winter, the forehead becomes white. The call is a loud grating noise like Sandwich tern.<p>The grey rump is a useful flight identification feature distinguishing it from the related species. The Elegant tern also differs in a slightly longer, slenderer bill, while Chinese crested tern differs in a black tip to the bill and Sandwich tern a black bill with a yellow tip.<p>Juvenile lesser crested terns resemble same-age Sandwich terns, but with a yellow-orange bill, and paler overall, with only faint dark crescents on the mantle feathers.<p>There are two other orange-billed terns within the range of this species, royal tern and Greater crested tern. Both are much larger and stouter-billed; royal also has a white rump and tail, while crested (which shares the grey rump) is darker overall above and has a yellower bill. See also orange-billed tern.
Taxonomy
- Scientific name
- Thalasseus bengalensis
- Authority
- (Lesson, RP, 1831)
- Order
- Charadriiformes
- Family
- Laridae
- Genus
- Thalasseus
Range and habitat
It breeds in subtropical coastal parts of the world mainly from the Red Sea across the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific, and Australia, with a significant population on the southern coast of the Mediterranean on two islands off the Libyan coast. Accidental breeding has also been reported in Italy and France. The Australian birds are probably sedentary, but other populations are migratory, wintering south to South Africa.
- Breeding range
- AF, OR, AU : disjunctly, coasts of sc Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and marginal seas, and n Australia
- Non-breeding range
- to subtropical and tropical Old World waters from nw Africa to New Guinea
- Migration
- Complete migrants
Conservation
T. bengalensis is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies, and one of 10 marine bird species listed in Mediterranean marine birds Action Plan.<p>In India the Lesser crested tern is protected in the PM Sayeed Marine Birds Conservation Reserve.
- Population trend
- stable
Photos
Distribution
Bird Calls
Other Birds
Northern Jacana
Jacana spinosa
Fancy-looking, vaguely chicken-like bird of freshwater marshes, lakes, and ponds in tropical lowlands, locally in highlands. Walks with high-stepping gait, often on top of floating vegetation (note its very long toes!). Adult is chestnut overall with black head and neck; immature looks very different, with creamy-white face, neck, and underparts. Bright yellow wings striking in flight, when birds usually give shrieks and other raucous calls. Flies with stiff wingbeats and glides, the long feet trailing out behind.
Helmeted Woodpecker
Celeus galeatus
Fairly large woodpecker. A usually rare inhabitant of extensive humid forests. Note cinnamon face, red head with a prominent crest, and white stripes on the side of the neck. Solid black back and wings, and heavily barred below with a pale rump. Males have a red moustache. A mimic of the much larger Robust Woodpecker.
Yellow-lored Bristlebill
Bleda notatus
An unusual and colorful rainforest bulbul. The upperparts are dark olive-green and the underparts yellow. Note the bright yellow patch between the bill, the brown eye, and the yellow spots on the tail corners. Found in the understory of rainforest and lush secondary habitat. Sometimes joins mixed-species flocks and follows ant swarms. Similar to Red-tailed Bristlebill, but easily separated by the green tail and the yellow spot on the face. The calls are chirpy notes typical of bulbuls, and the song is a variable descending series of melancholy whistles.
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